新制氢氧化镍活度积的测定与计算

本文用ｐＨ滴定法（电位滴定）测定了氢氧化镍（新制）的活度积（１．７×１０－１５）。应用溶液平衡的基本原理提出了一种计算氢氧化镍活度积的较准确的方法，对影响测定准确度的工作因素进行了分析。对活度积测定与计算的其它方法进行了讨论     

碱分离-EDTA络合滴定法测定铝基钯催化剂中的氧化铝

采用碱分离-EDTA络合滴定法测定铝基钯催化剂中的氧化铝,考察了试样分解温度、EDTA的用量、煮沸时间、氟化钾用量、共存离子干扰等一系列条件对铝测定结果的影响。对标准样品定值的5个铝基钯催化剂的氧化铝进行测定,测定结果与参考值一致,测定范围是75%～95%,测定结果的相对标准偏差RSD(n=7)均小于1%。实验表明所拟定的铝基钯催化剂中铝的EDTA络合滴定法,测定结果准确可靠。     

碱分离-EDTA络合滴定法测定铝基钯催化剂中的氧化铝

采用碱分离-EDTA络合滴定法测定铝基钯催化剂中的氧化铝,考察了试样分解温度、EDTA的用量、煮沸时间、氟化钾用量、共存离子干扰等一系列条件对铝测定结果的影响。对标准样品定值的5个铝基钯催化剂的氧化铝进行测定,测定结果与参考值一致,测定范围是75%～95%,测定结果的相对标准偏差RSD(n=7)均小于1%。实验表明所拟定的铝基钯催化剂中铝的EDTA络合滴定法,测定结果准确可靠。     

阳离子交换树脂分离-离子色谱法测定碳酸稀土和氯化稀土中硫酸根

用阳离子交换树脂柱上交换法将试样中硫酸根与稀土离子分离.交换柱上流出溶液再经AS 9阴离子分离柱(250 mm×4 mm)分离,用9.0 mmol·L-1碳酸钠溶液作流动相.定量测定中采用电导检测器和标准曲线法,该方法的检出限为0.05 mg·L-1,测定下限为0.03%.对硫酸根质量分数为3.19%的试样作精密度试验,测得相对标准偏差(n=11)为1.63%,回收率试验的结果在94.2%～112.6%之间.     

读者园地

问 :钢铁中硫含量的测定有哪些常用方法 ?——浙江读者　　胡亮　　　　答 :钢铁中硫含量的测定方法主要有重量法、燃烧滴定法、光度法、红外吸收光谱法和真空直读光谱法等。以下介绍几种常用分析方法基本原理。(1 )氧化铝色层分离 -硫酸钡重量法试样在饱和溴水中用盐酸 -硝酸溶解 ,高氯酸冒烟 ,过滤除去硅、钨、铌等 ,通过活性氧化铝色层柱除去大部分的干扰元素后 ,再用稀氨水洗脱色柱上的硫酸根 ,在洗脱液中在规定的条件下加入氯化钡以硫酸钡重量法测定硫。方法适合于 w(S)≥ 0 .0 0 3%的各种材料中硫量的测定。方法的操作繁复且时间长 ,…     

高效阴离子交换色谱-铜/铂修饰电极安培法测定大观霉素

采用阴离子交换色谱分离,在CuSO4溶液中加入少量镧系化合物,经电沉积制备La3+-Cu/pt/CME工作电极,建立了直流安培电化学法(DC)直接检测硫酸大观霉素的方法。考察了流动相浓度、测定电位等参数对色谱分离和测定的影响。在固定相为CarboPac PA10阴离子交换柱、流动相为26mmol/L NaOH,流速为0.6mL/min的色谱条件下,检测电位为0.68V时,硫酸大观霉素峰面积与其浓度在0.12～12mg/L(r=0.9991)和12～280mg/L(r=0.9995)两个范围内呈线性。本方法不需要柱前和柱后衍生化,能同时测定硫酸大观霉素中的主要组分和杂质。修饰电极制作方法简单,催化稳定性好,可作为电化学传感器测定硫酸大观霉素中的各组分。     

离子色谱法测定酱腌菜中的二氧化硫

建立离子色谱法测定酱腌菜中的二氧化硫含量。样品加入盐酸后采用水蒸气蒸馏,以过氧化氢溶液吸收蒸馏释放出的二氧化硫,通过0.45μm滤膜和Ag柱去除杂质,采用AS11–HC阴离子交换色谱柱分离,以KOH淋洗液洗脱,用电导检测器测定。在优化的色谱条件下,硫酸根标准溶液的质量浓度在1.80～18.00 mg/L范围内与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 7,硫酸根的检出限为0.006 mg/L。样品的加标回收率为76.9%～92.3%,测定结果的相对标准偏差小于10%(n=6)。该方法样品前处理简单,灵敏度高,可用于酱腌菜中二氧化硫的测定。     

分光光度法测定三氧化铀中的硫酸根

采用TBP-萃淋树脂吸附三氧化铀样品中的铀,硫酸根与铬酸钡进行交换反应后,直接比色法测定硫酸根的含量。实验中研究了三氧化铀样品中硫酸根含量测定的样品制备、分离、反应酸度,煮沸时间,铬酸钡用量等影响因素。优化条件下,采用硝酸(5mol/L)淋洗、1mL HCl溶液(2.5mol/L)调节溶液中酸浓度、使用2mL BaCrO_4进行交换反应、煮沸3min,得到方法相对标准偏差小于10%,加标回收率为92.9%～110%。实验结果表明,直接显色的测定方法灵敏、快速、准确度高。方法测定条件易于获得,适于推广应用。     

用铅电极测定冶金中间产品中的硫酸根

硫酸根的测定通常采用重量法、比浊法、盐酸联苯胺容量法。这些方法流程长或准确度差。近年来离子选择电极已成为测定许多阴离子的有效手段。报导过的以氟电极做指示电极间接测定硫酸根的两种方法,条件要求苛刻实际生产难以实践。在未有满意的钡电极的情况下,用铅电极测定硫酸根有一定实际意义。有的单位已用于废水及电镀液中硫酸根的测定。但是对许多金属离子的干扰报导不多。冶金中间产品所含金属离子种类多、含量高,给测定带来一定的困难。本文在以氧化铝吸附富集分离硫酸根的基础上拟     

铜/金修饰电极-阴离子交换色谱-直流安培法测定阿米卡星注射液组分

建立了一种用阴离子交换色谱分离、以自制铜/金修饰电极为工作电极的直流安培电化学法(DC)直接检测硫酸阿米卡星注射液中主要组分及杂质含量的分析方法。考察了流动相浓度、测定电位等参数对色谱分离和测定的影响。在固定相为CarboPacPA10阴离子交换柱、流动相为26 mmol/L NaOH的色谱条件下,检测电位为0.64 V时,阿米卡星在0.0005~0.02 g/L(r=0.9989)和0.02~0.2 g/L(r=0.9991)两个浓度范围内呈线性。与裸Au电极在采用脉冲安培检测模式(PAD)时相比,电化学检测所需要的碱性强度低(pH<13),而且测定灵敏度高,线性范围宽。本方法不需要柱前和柱后衍生化,能同时测定硫酸阿米卡星注射液中的主要组分和杂质组分。修饰电极制作方法简单,催化稳定性好,可望被应用到流动注射、毛细管电泳等其它流动体系中,对硫酸阿米卡星原料药、注射液等实际样品中的各组分进行测定。     

Capture CO2 from Ambient Air Using Nanoconfined Ion Hydration

Water confined in nanoscopic pores is essential in determining the energetics of many physical and chemical systems. Herein, we report a recently discovered unconventional, reversible chemical reaction driven by water quantities in nanopores. The reduction of the number of water molecules present in the pore space promotes the hydrolysis of CO₃^2? to HCO₃^? and OH^?. This phenomenon led to a nano‐structured CO₂ sorbent that binds CO₂ spontaneously in ambient air when the surrounding is dry, while releasing it when exposed to moisture. The underlying mechanism is elucidated theoretically by computational modeling and verified by experiments. The free energy of CO₃^2? hydrolysis in nanopores reduces with a decrease of water availability. This promotes the formation of OH^?, which has a high affinity to CO₂. The effect is not limited to carbonate/bicarbonate, but is extendable to a series of ions. Humidity‐driven sorption opens a new approach to gas separation technology.     

Microanalysis Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has inherent features of high sensitivity, great dynamic range, and capability to provide spatially resolved chemical information making it well suited for trace and microanalysis of diverse materials. The various SIMS methods used to derive the boron distribution in hepatoma cells, to investigate the intcr-iayer reactions in multi-layer ceramic structural materials, and to evaluate the effects of fabrication on microstructural and functional properties in semiconductor devices, are presented to illustrate possible roles of SIMS in microanalysis.     

Ion Isolation in a Linear Ion Trap Using Dual Resonance Frequencies

Ion isolation in a linear ion trap is demonstrated using dual resonance frequencies, which are applied simultaneously. One frequency is used to eject ions of a broad m/z range higher in m/z than the target ion, and the second frequency is set to eject a range of ions lower in m/z. The combination of the two thus results in ion isolation. Despite the simplicity of the method, even ions of low intensity may be isolated since signal attenuation is less than an order of magnitude in most cases. The performance of dual frequency isolation is demonstrated by isolating individual isotopes of brominated compounds.

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The Impossibility of Measuring Individual Ion Activity Coefficients Using Ion Selective Electrodes

The pressing aim of this work is to prevent an error from proliferating. In arecent paper, a new procedure for calculating the junction potentials has beenpresented, whose purported goal is to allow individual ion activities and activitycoefficients to be identified using the appropriate ISEs. As convincing and usefulas this procedure may seem, it is, however, fallacious. The present analysisconsiders the results obtained when applying the procedure to typical friendlycases liable to precise thermodynamic–mathematical treatments. It is shown thatthe individual ion activities found are a mere artifact of the initial settings and,therefore, change accordingly. The implications raised from the values of suchindividual ion activities and, in particular, those concerned with the modifiedHydration Theory, are, in turn, devoid of any real experimental validation.     

A Simple Fluorometric Method Using Chlorophyll a for Determination of Hg2+ Ion

A simple and green analytical procedure based on chlorophyll a is presented for the determination of Hg²⁺ ion. Chlorophyll a was extracted and purified from the leaves of pea and is employed as a reagent for analysis of Hg²⁺ ion. It displays remarkable fluorescence emission at 674 nm when excited at 412 nm. The emission intensity decreased significantly on exposure to various concentrations of Hg²⁺ ion. This forms the basis for the determination of Hg²⁺ ion. The proposed method was evaluated for sensitivity and selectivity. The linear concentration range was found to be 2.0–10 μM with r² = 0.997 and the limit of detection for Hg²⁺ ion was 1.3 μM. Ions including Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ru³⁺, Er³⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, CH₃COO⁻ and SO₄²⁻ did not interfere with the measurement of Hg²⁺ ion even at 500-fold excess. Since chlorophyll a is widely available in the leaves of most plants, and the extraction and purification process is simple, this technique can provide an alternative, sensitive and economical way to determine Hg²⁺ ion.     

Characteristics of Ion Activation and Collision Induced Dissociation Using Digital Ion Trap Technology

Collision induced dissociation (CID) is one of the most established techniques for tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The CID of mass selected ion could be realized by ion resonance excitation with a digital rectangular waveform. The method is simple, and highly efficient CID result could be obtained by optimizing the experimental parameters, such as digital waveform voltage, frequency, and q value. In this work, the relationship between ion trapping waveform voltage and frequency at preselected q value, the relationship between waveform frequency and the q value at certain ion trapping voltage for optimum CID efficiency were investigated. Experiment results showed that the max CID efficiency of precursor reserpine ions can be obtained at different trapping waveform voltage and frequency when q and β are different. Based on systematic experimental analysis, the optimum experimental conditions for high CID efficiency can be calculated at any selected β or q. By using digital ion trap technology, the CID process and efficient fragmentation of parent ions can be realized by simply changing the trapping waveform amplitude, frequency, and the β values in the digital ion trap mass spectrometry. The technology and method are simple. It has potential use in ion trap mass spectrometry.

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Enhanced Reactivity in Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Ion/Ion Reactions Using Triazole-Ester Reagents

The acyl substitution reactions between 1-hydroxy-7-aza-benzotriazole (HOAt)/1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HOBt) ester reagents and nucleophilic side chains on peptides have been demonstrated in the gas phase via ion/ion reactions. The HOAt/HOBt ester reagents were synthesized in solution and ionized via negative nano-electrospray ionization. The anionic reagents were then reacted with doubly protonated model peptides containing amines, guanidines, and imidazoles in the gas phase. The complexes formed in the reaction cell were further probed with ion trap collision induced dissociation (CID) yielding either a covalently modified analyte ion or a proton transfer product ion. The covalent reaction yield of HOAt/HOBt ester reagents was demonstrated to be higher than the yield with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester reagents over a range of equivalent conditions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed with a primary amine model system for both triazole-ester and NHS-ester reactants, which indicated a lower transition state barrier for the former reagent, consistent with experiments. The work herein demonstrates that the triazole-ester reagents are more reactive, and therefore less selective, than the analogous NHS-ester reagent. As a consequence, the triazole-ester reagents are the first to show efficient reactivity with unprotonated histidine residues in the gas phase. For all nucleophilic sites and all reagents, covalent reactions are favored under long time, low amplitude activation conditions. This work presents a novel class of reagents capable of gas-phase conjugation to nucleophilic sites in analyte ions via ion/ion chemistry.

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A New Approach to IRMPD Using Selective Ion Dissociation in a Quadrupole Ion Trap

Infrared multiphoton photodissociation (IRMPD) in a quadrupole ion trap is not selective for a parent ion. Product ions are decreased in abundance by continuous sequential dissociation and may be lost below the low mass cut-off. The IRMPD process is made selective by resonantly exciting trapped ions into an axially offset laser path. Product ions form and collisionally relax out of the laser path to accumulate in the center of the trap. The technique, termed selective broadband (SB) IRMPD, limits sequential dissociation to preserve first generation product ion abundance. The abundances of larger product ions are maximized by completely dissociating the parent ion, but continuous sequential dissociation does not form small product ions below the low mass cut-off associated with conventional IRMPD. Smaller product ions are further increased in abundance in another tandem mass spectrum by performing sequential stages of SB-IRMPD, adjusting the trapping rf amplitude to dissociate larger product ions at the same q_z range. Thermal assistance is used to perform SB-IRMPD at higher bath gas pressures for increased sensitivity.