基于三角波瓣混合器的超声速流场精细结构和掺混特性

在超声速吸气式混合层风洞中,采用基于纳米粒子的平面激光散射(NPLS)技术对平板混合层和三角波瓣混合器诱导的混合层流场精细结构进行了对比实验研究.上下两层来流的实测马赫数分别为1.98和2.84,对流马赫数为0.2.NPLS图像清晰地展示了Kelvin-Helmholtz涡、流向涡、波系结构以及大尺度涡结构的配对合并过程.通过对比分析时间相关的NPLS流场图像,发现了大尺度拟序结构随时间发展演化的非定常特性.基于流动显示结果,采用分形维数和间歇因子指标对流场结构和混合特性进行了定量分析.实验研究表明,三角波瓣混合器诱导的流向涡结构显著提高了上下两层来流的掺混效率,其流动远场的分形维数突破了平板混合层中完全湍流区的分形维数值,达到了1.88,流场结构表现出明显的破碎性,有利于流动在标量层面的扩散和掺混.流动间歇性分析表明,流向涡与展向涡的相互剪切作用主导着混合层的掺混特性,同时由于流向涡的卷吸作用,三角波瓣混合器诱导的混合层混合区域更大,更多的流质被卷入混合区完成混合.     

超声速层流/湍流压缩拐角流动结构的实验研究

在Ma=3.0的超声速风洞中, 分别对上游边界层为超声速层流和湍流, 压缩角度为25°和28°的压缩拐角流动进行了实验研究. 采用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术获得了流场整体和局部区域的精细结构, 边界层、剪切层、分离激波、回流区和再附激波等典型结构清晰可见, 测量了超声速层流压缩拐角壁面的压力系数. 从时间平均的流场结构中测量出分离激波、再附激波的角度和再附后重新发展的边界层的增长情况, 通过分析时间相关的流场NPLS图像, 可以发现流场结构随时间的演化特性. 实验结果表明: 在25°的压缩角度下, 超声速层流压缩拐角流动发生了典型的分离, 边界层迅速增长失稳转捩, 并引起一道诱导激波, 流场中出现了K-H涡、剪切层和微弱压缩波结构, 而超声速湍流压缩拐角流动没有出现分离, 湍流边界层始终表现为附着状态; 在28° 的压缩角度下, 超声速层流压缩拐角流动进一步分离, 回流区范围明显扩大, 诱导激波、分离激波向上游移动, 再附激波向下游移动, 分离区流动结构复杂, 相比之下, 超声速湍流压缩拐角流动的回流区范围明显较小, 边界层增长缓慢, 流场中没有出现诱导激波、K-H涡和压缩波, 流动分离区域的结构也相对简单, 但分离激波的强度则明显更强. 关键词： 压缩拐角 层流 湍流 流动结构     

基于Ramp-VG阵列的超声速混合层流动控制实验研究

利用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射(nano-tracer-based planar laser scattering,NPLS)技术研究了Ramp-VG阵列对超声速混合层流场的控制效果.对流Mach数Mac=0.17.通过比较无控和控制状态下的混合层NPLS图像,发现控制状态下混合层流动速度提高了5％～15％,K-H不稳...     

Fractal structures in turbulence

We present a qualitative overview of our work on the issue of fractal structures in turbulence. We explain why fully developed turbulence is not space filling and describe how its fractal dimension can be estimated theoretically. The implications of the fractal nature of turbulence on transport processes like turbulent diffusion and on fluctuations in passive scalars are discussed. The latter affect wave propagation in turbulent media and these effects are examined. In addition we consider clouds in the atmosphere which are claimed to have fractal perimeters (or surfaces) and outline the physical reasons for this phenomenon. The fractal dimension of clouds is tied to the theory of turbulent diffusion and is computed theoretically. Indications of the road ahead are given.     

扰流板作用下湍流/非湍流界面特性

在零压梯度平板湍流边界层流动中安装垂直流向高度为h的扰流板,诱导流场产生横向涡,研究横向涡影响下湍流/非湍流界面特性沿流向的发展。结果表明,在本实验条件下,整个流动经历了从湍流边界层到流动分离和再附,再向湍流边界层恢复的过程。在扰流板下游约18h距离后,扰流板尾迹的影响逐渐衰退,壁面剪切对湍流强度的贡献开始逐渐恢复,在扰流板下游约55h距离后,湍流边界层再次充分发展。与此同时,由于扰流板后流场流动结构拟序性的增强,湍流/非湍流界面的分形维度受扰流板影响而减小,表明脱落涡有使界面多尺度特性、三维性减弱的趋势。此外,界面高度的概率密度分布受扰流板影响呈现显著的右偏,主要与扰流板增强喷射运动强度,使得界面更容易抬升相关。流动结构及界面特性受扰流板影响后的流向演化有同步变化的模式,扰流板对界面特性影响主要集中于（-5~18）h的流向范围。      

带喷流超声速光学头罩流场气动光学畸变试验研究

超声速光学头罩在大气层内飞行时, 需要在光学窗口表面顺来流方向进行喷流冷却, 致使窗口上方流场更为复杂. 目标光线穿过窗口上方流场, 受到激波、膨胀波、混合层、湍流边界层等流场结构引起的变密度场影响而产生波前畸变, 导致成像出现偏移、抖动、模糊等气动光学效应. 本文对马赫数3.8来流条件下有无喷流时超声速光学头罩流场引起的气动光学波前畸变进行了试验研究. 基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术, 首先对流场图像进行密度校准获得高时空分辨率密度场, 然后采用光线追迹法计算得到波长532 nm平面光波垂直于光学窗口穿过流场后的光程差(optical path difference, OPD)分布, 并对窗口上方近壁区有无喷流状态的流场结构引起的 OPD分布进行了研究. 发现无喷流时, 流场结构相对较为简单, 窗口上方有较长的回流区和层流区, 而有喷流时窗口上方出现复杂的剪切层、混合层及湍流边界层, 流动很快就转捩为湍流结构, 其引起的气动光学畸变要明显高于无喷流状态. 无喷流状态相隔5 μs的流场引起的光程差均方根值分别为0.0348 和0.0356 μm, 有喷流状态的光程差均方根值分别为0.0462 和0.0485 μm. 关键词： 超声速 喷流 气动光学 光程差     

Direct numerical simulation of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate and its analysis

In the past three decades, considerable progress has been made in the investigation of incompressible turbulent boundary layer through experiments, DNS and theoretical works, including: (1) the statistics characteristic and structure of turbulence; (2) the co-herent structures in turbulent flows; (3) turbulence modeling and the large eddy simula-tion (LES). In contrast, the progress was very slow for the compressible, in particular, the super-sonic turbulent boundary layer. Recent works on d…     

Explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model for compressible flow turbulence

Algebraic Reynolds stress model (ARSM) is often employed in practical turbulent flow simulations. Most of previous works on ARSM have been carried out for incompressible flows. In the present paper, a new ARSM model is suggested for compressible flows. The model adopts a compressibility factor function involving the turbulent Mach number and the gradient Mach number. Compared to incompressible flow, explicit solution for ARSM for compressible flow can hardly be obtained due to dilatation terms. We propose approximate representations for these dilatation-related terms to obtain an explicit procedure for compressible flow turbulence. The model is applied to compressible mixing layer, supersonic flat-plate boundary and planar supersonic wake flow. It is found that the model works very well yielding results that are in good agreement with the DNS and the experimental data.     

超声速湍流边界层湍流统计与湍流结构分析

可压缩边界层转捩问题与湍流问题一直是制约高超声速飞行器发展的关键基础问题,也是近年来流体力学领域研究的热点问题.采用直接数值模拟方法,获得了空间发展的Ma=2.25超声速湍流边界层流场,通过对湍流边界层的发展状态进行评估,得出有效的Reynolds数Reθ 范围约为2600～4600.对壁面摩阻系数开展了分解,获得了各...     

Instantaneous and time-averaged flow structures around a blunt double-cone with or without supersonic film cooling visualized via nano-tracer planar laser scattering

In a Mach 3.8 wind tunnel, both instantaneous and time-averaged flow structures of different scales around a blunt double-cone with or without supersonic film cooling were visualized via nano-tracer planar laser scattering (NPLS), which has a high spatiotemporal resolution. Three experimental cases with different injection mass flux rates were carried out. Many typical flow structures were clearly shown, such as shock waves, expansion fans, shear layers, mixing layers, and turbulent boundary layers. The analysis of two NPLS images with an interval of 5 μs revealed the temporal evolution characteristics of flow structures. With matched pressures, the laminar length of the mixing layer was longer than that in the case with a larger mass flux rate, but the full covered region was shorter. Structures like K-H (Kelvin-Helmholtz) vortices were clearly seen in both flows. Without injection, the flow was similar to the supersonic flow over a backward-facing step, and the structures were relatively simpler, and there was a longer laminar region. Large scale structures such as hairpin vortices were visualized. In addition, the results were compared in part with the schlieren images captured by others under similar conditions.     

带喷流超声速后台阶流场精细结构及其运动特性研究

采用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射技术(NPLS)对带超声速喷流的后台阶流动精细结构进行了研究. 来流马赫数为3.4, 喷流实测马赫数为2.45, 而名义马赫数为2.5. 结果清晰地揭示了激波、剪切层、混合层、Kelvin-Helmholtz涡、羊角涡及湍流大尺度结构等大量典型流场结构. 基于大量流场精细结构图像, 对典型位置处的结构进行了空间两点相关性分析, 在喷流混合层前端涡结构小于湍流充分发展的尾端, 结构角相对也小. 喷流工作时, 模型台阶下游表面由一薄层气膜覆盖. 获得了模型流向和不同高度展向平面内的流场结构, 对照纹影试验结果, 分析了流动特点及时间演化规律. 采用微型压力扫描系统测试了模型表面的压力系数分布, 靠近喷流下游处压力系数区域0.0146. 针对NPLS图像做了流动的分形维数的分析, 发现在流动初始阶段分形维数接近于1, 越靠下游分形维数越高.     

Study of density field measurement based on NPLS technique in supersonic flow

Due to the influence of shock wave and turbulence, supersonic density field exhibits strongly inhomogeneous and unsteady characteristics. Applying traditional density field measurement techniques to supersonic flows yields three problems: low spatiotemporal resolution, limitation of measuring 3D density field, and low signal to noise ratio (SNR). A new method based on Nano-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) technique is proposed in this paper to measure supersonic density field. This method measures planar transient density field in 3D supersonic flow by calibrating the relationship between density and concentration of tracer particles, which would display the density fluctuation due to the influence of shock waves and vortexes. The application of this new method to density field measurement of supersonic optical bow cap is introduced in this paper, and the results reveal shock wave, turbulent boundary layer in the flow with the spatial resolution of 93.2 μm/pixel. By analyzing the results at interval of 5 μs, temporal evolution of density field can be observed. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10672178)     

Using Fractal Function Auto-correlative Method to Confirm Fractal Dimension of Function Graph

The effects of light wave propagating in atmospheric turbulence are investigated experimentally, it is essential to measure the physical variable with time. In order to analyze appropriately these data, it is utilized the fractal function auto-correlative method to describe the fractal dimension of function graph of image-space. The fractal dimension Dg=1.47 of function graph is derived from the power spectral analysis of measuring data. It shows that the Kolmogorov' turbulent model is not completely in accord with actual atmospheric turbulence.     

Using Fractal Function Auto correlative Method to Confirm Fractal Dimension of Function Graph

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Towards an entropy-based detached-eddy simulation

A concept of entropy increment ratio()is introduced for compressible turbulence simulation through a series of direct numerical simulations(DNS). represents the dissipation rate per unit mechanical energy with the benefit of independence of freestream Mach numbers.Based on this feature,we construct the shielding function fs to describe the boundary layer region and propose an entropy-based detached-eddy simulation method(SDES).This approach follows the spirit of delayed detached-eddy simulation(DDES)proposed by Spalart et al.in 2005,but it exhibits much better behavior after their performances are compared in the following flows,namely,pure attached flow with thick boundary layer(a supersonic flat-plate flow with high Reynolds number),fully separated flow(the supersonic base flow),and separated-reattached flow(the supersonic cavity-ramp flow).The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)resolved region is reliably preserved and the modeled stress depletion(MSD)phenomenon which is inherent in DES and DDES is partly alleviated.Moreover,this new hybrid strategy is simple and general,making it applicable to other models related to the boundary layer predictions.     

激波与层流/湍流边界层相互作用实验研究

在超声速风洞中,分别对层流和湍流来流条件下的边界层和斜激波(激波强度足以引起流动分离)相互干扰进行了实验研究,利用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术获得了两种条件下流场的精细结构图像;利用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术获得了两种条件下流场的速度场和涡量场;综合运用NPLS结果和PIV结果对比分析了两种流动的瞬时流动结构和时间相关性,实验结果表明:层流边界层内的分离区呈现出狭长的条状,而湍流边界层内分离区呈现出较规则的椭圆;在入射激波上游距入射点较远的位置,层流边界层外围拟序结构会诱导出一系列压缩波系,进而汇聚成空间位置不稳定的诱导激波,而湍流边界层则是在入射激波上游较近的地方直接形成较强且稳定的诱导激波;在入射激波下游,层流边界层内的膨胀区域较小且急促,膨胀后产生的再附激波很弱,而湍流边界层内的膨胀区域较大,膨胀后产生的激波较强。     

脉冲激励下超音速混合层涡结构的演化机理

采用大涡模拟方法对脉冲激励作用下的超音速混合层流场进行数值模拟,所得结果清晰展示了流场中涡结构的独特生长机理.基于涡核位置提取方法,对超音速混合层流场中涡结构的空间尺寸和瞬时对流速度等动态特性进行了定量计算.通过分析流场中涡结构的动态特性在不同频率脉冲激励下的变化,揭示出受脉冲激励超音速混合层流场中涡结构的演化机理:涡结构的生长不再是依靠相邻涡-涡结构之间的配对与融合,而是通过涡核外围的一串小涡旋结构被依次吸进涡核来实现,且受激励流场中各个涡结构的空间尺寸变化较小;流场中的涡结构数量与脉冲频率成正比例关系,而涡结构的空间尺寸与脉冲频率成反比例关系;涡结构的平均对流速度随脉冲频率的增大而减小.针对受脉冲激励超音速混合层,给出了能够表征涡结构特性与脉冲激励参数之间关系的方程式,即受激励流场中涡结构的平均对流速度与脉冲周期的乘积近似等于流场中涡结构的空间尺寸(涡结构平均直径).     

轴流压气机转子尖区三维紊流特性

用三维激光多普勒测速系统测量研究了低速大尺寸单级压气机设计状态转子内尖区三维紊流流场．结果表明,设计状态下叶尖泄漏涡是造成压气机转子尖部素流脉动的主要因素,其造成的高素流区沿流向逐渐扩大,并缓慢向通道中部和低叶高方向移动,紊流强度值随旋涡的增强而增大．在泄漏涡影响区域中,径向脉动水平最高,轴向和切向脉动水平相近,三个剪切应力中,轴向一径向最大,切向一径向次之,轴向一切向最小．在叶片通道后段,泄漏涡发生破裂,导致更强、更大范围的紊流脉动,剪切应力中切向-径向应力较高．在叶尖吸力面角区后半部的角涡,紊流强度大,剪切应力也大,尤其是切向-径向剪切应力．