Security enhancement of OCDMA system against eavesdropping using code-switching scheme

In this paper, the security enhanced OCDMA system based on spectral encoding using code-switching scheme is analyzed. The security issues are investigated by measuring eye diagrams and received signals for various cases. It has been observed; an eavesdropper based on a simple energy detector can easily read the information being transmitted by a single user using on-off keying. In order to increase the security a code-switching scheme is implemented on OCDMA. It is shown that the eye diagram at the eavesdropper becomes true noise waveform due to code-switching scheme and at the receiver end a clear eye diagram is observed. Hence, it is concluded that the code-switching scheme shows an immunity of the OCDMA system against eavesdropping and like conventional OCDMA schemes an authorized user clearly decodes an original data when a single user is active in the network.     

光谱幅度编码OCDMA系统研究

针对单极性码在光码分多址系统应用中存在正交性和用户容纳能力较差的缺点，对采用双极性地址码的光谱幅度编码系统中接收端采用差分检测的方案进行了研究。讨论了用于差分频谱幅度编码方案中的地址码应满足的条件，对OOK和双极性编码系统方案，在考虑散弹噪声和热噪声的条件下，分析了误码率性能。通过数值计算，比较了“1”和“0”都发信号的系统和只有“1”发信号的系统性能。比较结果表明，双极性地址码方案可提高系统性能；另外，提高光功率还可改善系统性能。     

A cost effective 100 Gbps hybrid MDM–OCDMA–FSO transmission system under atmospheric turbulences

FSO or free space optics is a familiar name used in a wide array of applications in the area of telecommunications. Due to its features of low maintenance cost and deployment time, most of the applications consider FSO as the alternative solution for appropriately replacing fiber optics. In this work, we have designed 100 Gbps FSO system by combining mode division multiplexing (MDM) and optical code multiple access scheme (OCDMA). Ten channels, each carrying 10 Gbps data, are transported over 8 km FSO link by using MDM of two Laguerre Gaussian modes and random diagonal codes. Moreover, the performance of proposed MDM–OCDMA–FSO system is also investigated under atmospheric turbulences.     

一种用于塑料光纤接入网的多优先级控制协议设计

提出一种基于光码分多址(OCDMA)技术的塑料光纤接入网的多优先级控制协议.由于受传输误码率的限制,常规的光码分多址系统只允许有限个用户传输数据或接入网络,为了解决用有限的码字来实现多于码字数目的多媒体工作站间的信息通信,这种多优先级的控制协议通过使用预约和随机分配算法可以有效地解决信道冲突和目的地址的冲突问题, 该协议可以支持多媒体信息传输中各类信息不同的时间延迟要求.另外,在该接入网中,每个光网络单元均设有两套光编码器和光解码器,一套用于控制信道,另一套用于各个数据信道.利用本文提出的协议对塑料光纤接入网的网络吞吐量和平均延时时间进行了数值分析和仿真实验,结果证明了这种多优先级控制协议的有效性和高效性.     

A Novel Dispersionless Comb Gain Equalizer for Fiber-Optical Parametric Amplifier

In this article, we propose a novel superstructure fiber Bragg grating (SFBG)-based comb gain equalizer for fiber-optical parametric amplifiers (FOPAs). The target spectrum of the gain equalizer is obtained by two steps. Initially, we calculate the spectrum according to the inverse of the gain spectrum of the FOPA. Then we apply a channel-by-channel windowing method to shape each channel and adopt a Gaussian hypergeometric function to describe the rising and descending edges of each channel. The SFBG is finally synthesized with layer-peeling inverse scattering technique. Using the designed SFBG, the gain variation of the FOPA is flattened to be within ±0.4 dB for 16 ITU channels and the best channel isolation is as high as 35 dB. It should be pointed out that the proposed method could also be used to design gain equalizers for other optical amplifiers.     

Image encryption and decryption using fractional Fourier transform and radial Hilbert transform

A technique for image encryption using fractional Fourier transform (FRT) and radial Hilbert transform (RHT) is proposed. The spatial frequency spectrum of the image to be encrypted is first segregated into two parts/channels using RHT, and image subtraction technique. Each of these channels is encrypted independently using double random phase encoding in the FRT domain. The different fractional orders and random phase masks used during the process of encryption and decryption are the keys to enhance the security of the proposed system. The algorithms to implement the proposed encryption and decryption scheme are discussed, and results of digital simulation are presented.     

Performance analysis of wavelength/spatial coding system with fixed in-phase code matrices in OCDMA network

This paper proposes a wavelength/spatial (W/S) coding system with fixed in-phase code (FIPC) matrix in the optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) network. A scheme is presented to form the FIPC matrix which is applied to construct the W/S OCDMA network. The encoder/decoder in the W/S OCDMA network is fully able to eliminate the multiple-access-interference (MAI) at the balanced photo-detectors (PD), according to fixed in-phase cross correlation. The phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN) related to the power square is markedly suppressed in the receiver by spreading the received power into each PD while the net signal power is kept the same. Simulation results show that the W/S OCDMA network based on the FIPC matrices cannot only completely remove the MAI but effectively suppress the PIIN to upgrade the network performance.     

新型多速率光码分多址实现方案的研究

提出了一种新颖的多速率光码分多址系统的实现方案,使得光码分多址系统能够同时传输不同速率的用户信号。对系统的误码性能进行了理论分析,并讨论了在系统中加入硬件限幅器以提高系统性能的可能性。以同时传输两种不同速率信号为例,将系统与变码长光码分多址系统的误码性能进行了仿真和比较。分析表明,随着速率的增加,虽然地址码字的性能有一定下降,但其整体性能仍优于变码长的多速率的光码分多址系统。最后,设计了相应的实验,验证了码字的性能和实现多速率光码分多址系统的可能性。     

A novel multipriority reservation protocol for plastic optical fiber access network

In this paper, a novel multipriority reservation protocol for plastic optical fiber access network based on optical code division multiplexing access (OCDMA) technology is proposed. Conventional OCDMA system only allows finite units to transmit and access simultaneously according to the number of channels. The protocol is proposed to resolve this problem. By using the reservation scheme and a distributed arbitration algorithm, channel collision and destination conflict can be avoided. The protocol can efficiently support the transmission of multimedia messages that require the different time-delays. At the same time, each optical network unit is equipped with a fixed optical encoder/decoder that is always tuned to channel for control and the tunable optical encoder/decoder that is tuned to any of channel for data. The network throughput and average delay have been investigated by numerical analysis and simulation experiments. It is shown that the multipriority reservation protocol in this POF access net     

Multiple access interference rejection in OCDMA using a two-photon absorption based semiconductor device

An experimental demonstration of a two-channel OCDMA system with detection performed using standard linear detection or a TPA-based nonlinear detector is presented. These results show an improvement in the extinction ratio of the decoded signal by ∼5 dB using TPA detection. A simulation model of the TPA detector used during the experiments was created and used in a four-channel OCDMA system simulation using both linear and nonlinear detection methods. The simulation results show that error-free performance is achievable for a 4-user system using the nonlinear TPA detector while the OCDMA system employing linear detection is severely limited by the effects of noise generated by adjacent optical channels (multiple access interference).     

A divided spectrum balanced detection technique for intensity noise reduction in SAC OCDMA systems

In this paper we propose a simple divided spectrum balanced detection (DSBD) for spectral amplitude coding (SAC) optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems. SAC OCDMA systems are limited by phase induced intensity noise (PIIN), which is a signal dependent source of noise. Our proposed technique reduces the PIIN by dividing the spectrum of the signal into two or more, and detecting each spectrum by a different photodiode. The DSBD scheme reduces the detected optical power at photodetection, thus resulting in a higher mitigation of the PIIN. Theoretical results show that DSBD demonstrate noticeable improvement over traditional balanced detection technique, for example an up to 33% increase in the number of active users can be achieved, and at least 1 × 10⁻³ b/s Hz increase in the spectral efficiency is obtained. However, the SDBD is more complex and append more constrains on system components.     

基于光纤布拉格光栅编解码器的直接序列扩频跳频光码分多址系统

提出了一种混合直扩跳频光纤码分多址（DS／FH－OCDMA）系统的实现方法，该系统采用跳频素数码作为扩频码，运用了光纤布拉格光栅序列作为编解码器，并在解码器两端安置了双硬限幅器以提高系统的性能，理论分析和仿真结果表明，该系统具有大用户容量，高功率效率和低误码率等方面的优点。     

一种混合WDMA-OCDMA系统的性能分析

分析了一种混合WDMA OCDMA系统的性能,该系统将可用带宽划分成两部分,一部分用于OCDMA用户,另一部分用于WDMA用户。当可用带宽在WDMA与OCDMA之间不同的分配情况下,研究了该混合系统的总用户数和频谱效率。分析结果表明,在要求的误比特率条件下,随着OCDMA系统占用波长信道数目的增加,WDMA OCDMA混合系统的总用户数将增加,而系统的频谱效率将急剧下降。     

一种多波长OCDMA解码器方案及其性能分析

提出了一种多波长OCDMA（MW OCDMA）系统的光解码器方案,通过多个光硬限幅器来抑制多用户干扰.分析了使用该解码器的MW OCDMA误码率性能、频谱效率和归一化吞吐量性能.分析结果表明,该方案能有效改善MW OCDMA系统的误码率性能,在要求的误码率条件下增加同时用户数,从而能有效改善MW OCDMA系统的频谱效率.同时,采用光硬限幅器的MW OCDMA 系统的归一化吞吐量性能明显提高,特别是归一化吞吐量峰值提高了约一倍.     

用于塑料光纤接入网的三优先级控制协议设计

为了解决用有限的码字来实现多于码字数目的多媒体工作站间的信息通信,提出一种基于光码分多址(Optical Code Division Multiple Access,OCDMA)技术的塑料光纤接入网的多优先级控制协议. 该协议通过使用预约方案和仲裁算法可以有效地解决信道冲突和目的地址的冲突问题,可以支持多媒体信息传输中各类信息不同的时间延迟要求.通过建立一个离散马尔科夫链模型对塑料光纤接入网的网络吞吐量和平均延时时间进行了数值分析和仿真实验,结果证明,这种多优先级控制协议能够适应多媒体网络中各类业务对信号时延要求的不同进行信道的优先级分配.     

Analysis of electrically configurable spectral phase encoding techniques for optical CDMA

We present the theoretical analysis and simulation of an encoder/decoder pair with applications in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems. The theory and simulations presented are valid for any technique that relies on the combination of dispersion/phase modulation/dispersion for spectral phase encoding. We perform a theoretical study of the system, characterizing its main limiting factors, and a comparative study of the Multi-Access Interference (MAI) and Bit Error Rate (BER) for a simple multi-user system at high-bit rate in a Passive Optical Network (PON) environment. The capacity of the system to carry out error-free operation for codes of different length and with different numbers of users is also demonstrated through simulation.     

基于超结构光纤光栅的全光编解码性能分析

分析了光码分多址(OCDMA)系统中超结构光纤光栅(SSFBG)编解码器的相关特性, 考虑了输入脉冲宽度、SSFBG编解码光栅之间的波长偏移以及光栅的折射率调制振幅对全光编解码性能的影响。结果表明, 随着输入脉冲宽度和编解码光栅之间的波长偏移量的增加, 自相关峰值旁瓣比和自互相关峰值比下降, 即编解码性能出现下降; 编解码器的插入损耗和相关性能间存在矛盾, 需要折中考虑SSFBG折射率调制振幅的选取。建立了基于SSFBG编解码器的时域相位编码OCDMA系统的数学模型, 考虑了差拍噪声、多址干扰、接收机噪声以及接收机的带宽限制对系统性能的影响, 采用全光阈值技术和turbo编码来提高相干扩时OCDMA的系统性能。     

间插取样光纤光栅多通道色散补偿器

对间插取样光纤光栅（ISFBG）进行了理论分析和仿真,给出了ISFBG的折射率表达式,提出了一种在较低的折射率调制深度条件下实现通道间平坦度较好的色散补偿器的制作方法.实验制作了由两个取样光纤光栅间插而成的10通道色散补偿器,其时延抖动大都小于20 ps,通道间平坦度小于1 dB.     

An efficient MAI cancellation technique in Optical CDMA

Optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) is a promising operational system for future backhaul optical networks especially for switching and optical signal multiplexing. However, OCDMA operation is restricted by multiple access interference (MAI) due to the asynchronous nature of transmission. In this study, we discuss an efficient MAI technique for OCDMA systems that depends not only on using hybrid frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation but also on employing the double padded modified prime code (DPMPC) as a signature sequence. MAI cancellation is performed by subtracting a reference signal from the received signal of the desired user. The simulation results show that the performance of the FSK-OCDMA technique is superior to the performance of the PPM-OCDMA technique. Furthermore, the obtained results illustrate that the FSK-OCDMA technique is able to accommodate a large number of simultaneous active users with low error-rate.     

Accurate analysis for reflection-peak bandwidths of sampled fiber Bragg gratings without chirp based on multiple-phase-shift technique

Dense comb-like reflective spectrum is available for a sampled fiber Bragg grating (SFBG) by using multiple-phase-shift (MPS) technique. The expressions for the reflection-peak bandwidths of a uniform SFBG based on MPS technique are derived through Fourier transform of the index modulation. The new expressions can be used to accurately calculate the reflection-peak bandwidths as taking the parameters into account, such as the duty cycle and the “AC” index change. The simulation spectrum based on the transfer matrix method agrees well with the theoretical analysis.