人为扰动的模型势函数及其动力学特征（英文）

目前,结合高精度从头算方法和全维量子动力学计算,对四原子气相反应,理论计算可以获得与实验结果完全一致的结果.一般情况下,一个精确的量子动力学模拟需要一个精确的势能面,但是在实际的计算当中,势能面的拟合误差是不可避免的.在本文中,我们考察了在模型势能面外加各种扰动时的动力学反应行为,在2维的势能面上进行了量子动力学计算.反应速率常数对近反应能垒区域或最小能量反应路径上的干预是较为敏感的,但是在势能面上的其它地方加入的外加干扰对反应速率影响不大.本文给出一个比较重要的和比较简单的结论,在量子动力学模拟中,在精确的势能面上增加相关的扰动,会帮助我们更深入地理解给定类型的反应,对于一个特定体系,其精确势能面上可以作为一个模型体系研究.     

非绝热分子动力学的量子路径模拟

基于近期发展的经典-量子混合模拟非绝热分子动力学的量子路径方案,本文对5个典型势能面模型进行了模拟,包括单交叉模型、双交叉模型、拓展耦合模型、哑铃模型以及双弓模型.由于难以在严格意义上得到退相干速率,数值模拟中,我们比较了三个不同的退相干速率公式,包括冻结高斯波包近似退相干速率、能量分辨速率以及力分辨速率.在模拟过程中,我们恰当地处理了势能面跳跃时的能量守恒和力的反向问题.通过与全量子动力学模拟的精确结果进行对比发现,对于结构较简单的势能面模型,三种退相干速率都能得到较好的结果;然而对于较复杂的势能面模型,由于复杂量子干涉的原因,与其他混合经典-量子动力学方案类似,量子路径方案仍然难以得到较准确的结果.如何发展更加有效的混合经典-量子模拟方案,是未来研究的重要课题.     

用含时波包方法将SVRT模型应用到F+CD4→CD3+DF反应中

为了实现量子动力学含时波包方法对多原子反应体系的研究,采用美国纽约大学张增辉教授提出的一个半刚性振转子的模型,对F+CD4反应及其同位素反应物反应在MJ1势能面上进行了含时波包动力学的研究.所用到的势能面的反应势垒66meV.实验和理论研究表明在反应中C-D键不影响反应碰撞,它只是一个旁观者.对C-D键作为常数处理使得计算大大简化了.计算了给定初始态的这些反应的积分反应截面和速率常数.从得到的数值结果可以看出,积分截面随着碰撞能有一个很大的起伏,这一般来讲是与动力学振荡有关系.速率常数同已有的理论以及实验结果进行了比较,得到了比较合理的结论.     

基于最新势能面的C(~1D)+H_2反应的环聚合分子动力学研究（英文）

本文利用环聚合分子动力学方法对C(~1D)+H_2反应开展了详细的理论研究.计算中使用了最近构建的Zhang-Ma-Bian(ZMB)从头算势能面,该势能面对锥形交叉附近区域以及范德华区域均有精确的描述.环聚合分子动力学计算得到的热反应速率常数与最新实验值吻合很好.与前人计算结果比较,发现在?~1A'电子基态的ZMB-a势能面上获得的反应速率常数远大于前人构建的RKHS势能面上的结果,这是由于ZMB势能面上的范德华鞍具有与之前势能面上的范德华阱完全不同的动态学作用,表明环聚合分子动力学方法能够处理范德华作用引起的势能面拓扑结构所导致的动态学效应.本文还揭示了b~1A"电子激发态ZMB-b势能面以及量子效应对反应的重要性.     

基于最新势能面的C(1D)+H2反应的环聚合分子动力学研究

本文利用环聚合分子动力学方法对C(¹D)+H₂反应开展了详细的理论研究. 计算中使用了最近构建的Zhang-Ma-Bian(ZMB)从头算势能面,该势能面对锥形交叉附近区域以及范德华区域均有精确的描述. 环聚合分子动力学计算得到的热反应速率常数与最新实验值吻合很好. 与前人计算结果比较,发现在?¹A′电子基态的ZMB-a势能面上获得的反应速率常数远大于前人构建的RKHS势能面上的结果,这是由于ZMB势能面上的范德华鞍具有与之前势能面上的范德华阱完全不同的动态学作用,表明环聚合分子动力学方法能够处理范德华作用引起的势能面拓扑结构所导致的动态学效应. 本文还揭示了b¹A′′电子激发态ZMB-b势能面以及量子效应对反应的重要性.     

Cl+HD反应产物的极化与态分布

利用准经典轨线理论 ,在BW 2和G3两个势能面上 ,研究了Cl +HD反应的动力学 .计算结果表明 ,产物的转动取向对势能面及反应体系的质量因子非常敏感 .在BW 2势能面上 ,计算的两个产物的转动取向强于在G3势能面上计算的结果 ,而无论是在BW 2势能面上还是在G3势能面上 ,DCl产物的取向都强于HCl产物的取向 .计算结果还表明 ,在不同的势能面上反应物的转动激发对反应的影响有着显著的不同 .在BW 2势能面上 ,反应物的初始转动激发有利于Cl+HD反应的进行 ;而在G3势能面上 ,反应物的初始转动激发消弱了反应的反应性     

采用量子波包方法和准经典轨线方法研究S(~3P)+HD反应

利用量子波包方法和准经典轨线方法在一个新的3A′′势能面上研究了S(3P)+HD→SD+H和SH+D反应的动力学性质.计算得到了两个反应通道在碰撞能为0.8—2.2 eV范围内的J=0反应几率、积分反应截面、内同位素因子和产物转动取向因子.这些结果揭示了S(3P)+HD反应非常明显的内同位素效应.通过对势能面和反应轨线的分析,我们发现了SD+H反应通道一个新的反应机制.S(3P)+HD反应的内同位素效应可以利用新发现的反应机制和反应的质量组合来进行解释.     

基于新CH~2(■)势能面的C(~3P)+H_2(■)→H(~2S)+CH(~2Π)反应量子波包动力学

基于一个最新的CH■_2势能面,运用切比雪夫波包方法对初始态为(v=0,j=0)的■反应体系在1.0—2.0 eV的碰撞能量范围内进行了动力学研究.通过对角动量量子数J=60以下的所有分波进行计算,得到了反应几率、积分散射截面和速率常数.计算中用到了耦合态近似方法和考虑科里奥利耦合效应的精确量子方法.通过对比发现,随着角动量量子数以及能量的增加,科里奥利耦合效应的影响越发显著,因而对于该反应体系,科里奥利耦合效应不可忽略.本文计算所得的积分散射截面和速率常数尚无实验数据可以比较,对该反应的后续研究有一定的参考价值.     

F+H2O→HF+OH反应的高精度速率常数的计算研究

F+H₂O→HF+OH是四原子反应的典型代表,并在环境和天体化学中扮演着重要角色. 基于全维势能面,本文采用环-聚合分子动力学(RPMD)方法计算了该反应的速率常数. 该势能面可以重现高精度理论化学水平(FPA和HEAT)上得到的反应能垒和放热数据,它是目前该体系的最准确势能面. RPMD方法重现了之前半经典过渡态理论结合两维主方程得到的速率常数,二者都与实验结果高度吻合. RPMD方法可以高效可靠地考虑量子效应,如量子隧穿和零点能效应等. 另外,RPMD计算结果随珠子数量增加收敛较快,这些都与之前RPMD的诸多计算应用发现的结论一致.     

F+H_2O→HF+OH反应的高精度速率常数的计算研究（英文）

F+H_2O→HF+OH是四原子反应的典型代表,并在环境和天体化学中扮演着重要角色.基于全维势能面,本文采用环-聚合分子动力学(RPMD)方法计算了该反应的速率常数.该势能面可以重现高精度理论化学水平(FPA和HEAT)上得到的反应能垒和放热数据,它是目前该体系的最准确势能面.RPMD方法重现了之前半经典过渡态理论结合两维主方程得到的速率常数,二者都与实验结果高度吻合.RP M D方法可以高效可靠地考虑量子效应,如量子隧穿和零点能效应等.另外,RPMD计算结果随珠子数量增加收敛较快,这些都与之前RPMD的诸多计算应用发现的结论一致.     

与HO2和HO3相关的复杂反应的量子动力学

Complex-forming reactions widely exist in gas-phase chemical reactions.Various complexforming bimolecular reactions have been investigated and interesting phenomena have been discovered.The complex-forming reactions usually have small or no barrier in the entrance channel,which leads to obvious differences in kinetic and dynamic characteristics compared with direct reactions.Theoretically,quantum state-resolved reaction dynamics can provide the most detailed microscopic dynamic mechanisms and is now feasible for a direct reaction with only one potential barrier.However,it is of great challenge to construct accurate potential energy surfaces and perform accurate quantum dynamics calculations for a complex polyatomic reaction involving deep potential wells and multi-channels.This paper reviews the most recent progress in two prototypical oxyhydrogen complex-forming reaction systems,HO₂ and HO₃,which are significant in combustion,atmospheric,and interstellar chemistry.We will present a brief survey of both computational and experimental work and emphasize on some unsolved problems existing in these systems.     

用量子力学方法计算H+H2碰撞的反应几率

利用量子力学耦合通道扭曲波近似法(CCDWA)和三种势能面计算了H+H2碰撞的反应几率,结果发现在相同的势能面下利用CCDWA方法计算的反应几率和公认较好的计算结果符合很好,不同势能面共线势垒高度的差别将引起反应几率的不同.     

O~++H_2→OH~++H反应的动力学研究

采用含时量子波包方法结合二阶分裂算符传播子对初始态为(v=0, j=0)的O~++H_2→OH~++H反应体系在0.01—1.00 eV的碰撞能范围内进行了态分辨理论水平上的动力学计算.对反应概率、积分截面、微分截面以及固定初始态的热速率常数等动力学信息进行了计算并与文献报道的实验和理论结果进行了比较.结果表明本文的理论结果与实验结果十分符合.从微分截面的散射信息可知,在低碰撞能范围内,插入反应机制在反应中占据主导地位.随着碰撞能的增加,反应机制逐渐由插入机制变为抽取反应机制.     

Unimolecular reactions of the resonance-stabilized cyclopentadienyl radicals and their role in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation

Resonance-stabilized cyclopentadienyl radicals are important intermediate species in the combustion of transportation fuels. It not only serves as precursors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation, but also involves in the formation of fundamental PAH precursors such as propargyl and acetylene. In this work, the unimolecular reactions of the cyclopentadienyl radicals are theoretically studied based on high-level quantum chemistry and RRKM/master equation calculations. Stationary points on the potential energy surface (PES) are calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS//M06–2X/6–311++(d,p) level of theory. The branching ratios of unimolecular reactions of the cyclopentadienyl radicals are analyzed for a broad temperature range from 500 to 2500 K and pressures from 0.01 to 100 atm. It is found that the isomerization reaction of the cyclopentadienyl radical via 1,2-hydrogen transfer dominates at low temperatures and high pressures, while the well-skipping decomposition reaction which forms propargyl and acetylene is important at high temperatures and low pressures. Both the decomposition reaction of the cyclopentadienyl radicals and its reverse reaction show pronounced pressure dependence, and their reaction rate constants are compared against available low-pressure experimental measurements and theoretical studies. The temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficients for important reactions involved on the C₅H₅ PES are calculated and updated in a chemical kinetic model. Impacts of the unimolecular reactions of the cyclopentadienyl radicals on the PAH formation are explored by the numerical modeling of a low-pressure cyclopentene counterflow diffusion flame.     

用Sin-DVR方法求解在绝热表象下锥形交叉分子振动本征态

在波恩-奥本海默近似中,分子中原子核的运动通常采用绝热表象的基态势能面来描述,一般情况下这样是比较好的近似. 然而当势能面上存在锥形交叉时,即使体系的能量远远低于锥形交叉点,绝热基态势能面近似将不再有效. 锥形交叉的出现,使得绝热表象下描述核运动的哈密顿中出现了两个额外的附加项：对角波恩－奥本海默近似校正(DBOC)项和几何相位(GP)项. 尤其GP项,使得基态绝热势能面近似失效. 这两项在锥形交叉点处的数值是发散的,因此在绝热表象中来严格描述核运动,会使量子动力学的计算存在数值收敛的困难. 在量子分子动力学计算中,最常用的数值方法是分离变量表象方法(DVR). 本文通过在绝热表象和透热表象下求解涉及两个电子态且包含锥形交叉的二维的薛定谔方程来验证Sinc-DVR的数值收敛性. 计算结果显示,在绝热表象中采用通常格点密度分布的Sinc-DVR方法,即使在没有特别的处理DBOC和GP项时,也可以得到比较可靠的结果. 此时的数值不确定性并没有比引入任意的向量势来纠正GP效应的不确定性更差. 需要特别注意的是,纠正GP效应的任意向量势的精确形式,通常是不易得到其精确形式的.     

Quasiclassical calculation of the chemical reaction Ba+CH3I

This paper reports the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations on extended London–Eyring–Polanyi–Sato (LEPS) potential energy surface (PES) for the reaction of Ba atom with CH₃I. In the calculations, the Sato parameters needed in construction of the reaction PES are obtained from simulation of experimental results of BaI product vibrational distributions. The parameters obtained are further tested by comparison of the calculated BaI vibrational distributions with another research group's experimental results at different collision energy. In addition, the reaction cross-section versus collision energy, product BaI angular distribution and alignment are obtained by QCT calculations on the PES. The possible reaction configurations are also discussed upon the calculations.     

Low-rank canonical-tensor decomposition of potential energy surfaces: application to grid-based diagrammatic vibrational Green's function theory

ABSTRACT

A new method is proposed for a fast evaluation of high-dimensional integrals of potential energy surfaces (PES) that arise in many areas of quantum dynamics. It decomposes a PES into a canonical low-rank tensor format, reducing its integral into a relatively short sum of products of low-dimensional integrals. The decomposition is achieved by the alternating least squares (ALS) algorithm, requiring only a small number of single-point energy evaluations. Therefore, it eradicates a force-constant evaluation as the hotspot of many quantum dynamics simulations and also possibly lifts the curse of dimensionality. This general method is applied to the anharmonic vibrational zero-point and transition energy calculations of molecules using the second-order diagrammatic vibrational many-body Green's function (XVH2) theory with a harmonic-approximation reference. In this application, high dimensional PES and Green's functions are both subjected to a low-rank decomposition. Evaluating the molecular integrals over a low-rank PES and Green's functions as sums of low-dimensional integrals using the Gauss–Hermite quadrature, this canonical-tensor-decomposition-based XVH2 (CT-XVH2) achieves an accuracy of 0.1 cm^?1 or higher and nearly an order of magnitude speedup as compared with the original algorithm using force constants for water and formaldehyde.     

势垒高度对Cl+H2(D2)反应的影响

使用三维含时波包方法在两个势能面上研究了Cl+H2(D2)反应．所使用的两个势能面都是从CW(Capecchi和Wener)势能面得到的，第一个是CW势能面的基态面加自旋轨道耦合修正，第二个是CW势能面的基态面没有自旋轨道耦合修正．在这两个势能面上得到了碰撞能从0.1到1.4 eV的积分截面以及反应几率．对于Cl与D2反应，考虑自旋轨道耦合后由于势垒高度的增加反应截面向高能处有一个平移，但Cl与H2反应在低能处的反应活性反而增大了，原因是虽然自旋轨道耦合效应增加了势垒高度，同时减小了势垒宽度，隧道效应更加明显，而隧道效应在低能处起着比较重要的作用，所以反应活性比较大．当碰撞能大于0.7 eV时，没有考虑自旋轨道耦合时势垒高度较低，因而反应活性较大．     

Thermal decomposition of dichloroketene and its reaction with H atoms

The thermal unimolecular decomposition of dichloroketene CCl₂CO → CCl₂ + CO (reaction 1) was studied experimentally and computationally. Dichloroketene was produced by the pulsed laser photolysis of hexachloroacetone, and the kinetics of its decay due to reaction 1 was monitored using photoionization mass spectrometry. Rate constants of reaction 1 were determined in direct time-resolved experiments as a function of temperature (740–870 K) and bath gas density ([He] = (3–25) × 10¹⁶ atom cm⁻³, [N₂] = 12 × 10¹⁶ molecule cm⁻³). Reaction 1 is in the falloff region under these conditions. The potential energy surface (PES) of reaction 1 was studied using quantum chemical methods. The experimental k₁ (T, P) dependence was reproduced with an RRKM/master equation model based on quantum chemical calculations. Parameterized expressions for the rate constants of reaction 1 and the reverse reaction, that of CCl₂ with CO, were obtained over wide ranges of temperatures and pressures. The enthalpy of formation of CCl₂CO was determined in quantum chemical calculations. The kinetics of the reaction of dichloroketene with hydrogen atoms (reaction 2), an important channel of destruction of CCl₂CO in flames, was studied computationally. The PES of reaction 2 was studied using quantum chemical methods. Temperature and pressure dependences of the rate constants of the four dominant reaction channels were obtained in transition state theory and master equation calculations; the technique of isodesmic reactions for transition states was applied to the channel of Cl atom abstraction. Analysis of the experimental data and the computational models of reactions 1 and 2 demonstrates that thermal decomposition is a major pathway of destruction for dichloroketene in combustion systems.