我们为什么提出建造环形正负电子对撞机

一、粒子物理和标准模型自从20世纪30年代物理学家建立了原子模型之后,人类对亚原子和更深层次物质结构、相互作用和自然规律的实验、理论的探索和研究揭示了自然界基本粒子的存在和他们的特性,以及由这些基本粒子组成的各类介子,重子,原子,分子和它们形成的丰富和多样的自然物质世界。     

杉木综纤维素和木质素的近红外光谱法测定

用近红外光谱法对杉木中综纤维素和木质素含量进行了快速测定。用常规湿化学方法测定了48个杉木木材样品的综纤维素和木质素,用近红外光谱仪采集相应的光谱,进行二阶微分处理和平滑预处理后,用偏最小二乘法和完全交互验证方式建立相应预测模型。综纤维素校正模型和预测模型的相关系数分别为0.96和0.93;预测标准误差分别为0.39和0.50;木质素校正模型和预测模型的相关系数分别为0.99和0.90;预测标准误差分别为0.10和0.28。结果表明,近红外光谱法可以快速分析木材中综纤维素和木质素含量。     

现代物理学及其应用

 现代科学技术是生产力的一个重要因素,而现代物理学则是现代科学技术的基础.19世纪中期电磁感应现象的发现和电磁理论的发展,为电能的开发应用和电气化奠定了基础;19世纪末电磁波和电子的发现和研究,开创了无线电电子学的新时代;20世纪初期量子论、相对论量子力学和原子核物理的创立和发展,不但引起了物理学自身的革命,开始了微观、高速和高能领域的研究,而且也为半导体、激光和原子核能等新技术的开发应用提供了启迪的根据和明确的途径.物理学为什么具有这样的作用呢?物理学的现状和未来又是怎样和将会怎样发展呢?     

估测田间烟叶色素含量的光谱模型研究

田间烟叶色素含量的光谱无损快速测量,对烟草营养生长期的营养诊断与长势监测、成熟期的烟叶品质评判具有重要的生产指导意义。该研究的目的是利用烟叶田间光谱估测烟叶的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量。研究采集了营养生长期和成熟期烟叶田间反射光谱,测量了样品烟叶的色素含量,利用支持向量机(SVM)和光谱指数法,对营养生长期和成熟期烟叶样品用分期建模和混合建模两种方法建立色素含量估测模型,并对模型的预测性能进行比较。研究结果表明,分期建模和混合建模对于烟叶色素含量的估测效果差异不显著。对于叶绿素含量,SVM和光谱指数法均有较好的估测效果;对于类胡萝卜素含量,SVM方法比光谱指数法具有更高的估测精度。采用SVM方法对烟叶样品的叶绿素含量分期建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.862 9和0.015 5,对叶绿素含量混合建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.898 5和0.012 3;采用SVM方法对烟叶样品类胡萝卜素含量分期建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.873 0和0.002 4,对类胡萝卜素含量混合建模得到的估测决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.852 7和0.002 4。该研究的创新点是通过支持向量机和光谱指数法采用分期建模以及混合建模的方式建立了烟叶样品色素含量的估测模型,为烟草田间生产的质量控制、烟叶的采收品质保证提供科学依据和技术支持。     

电子间的吸引与排斥

 吸引和排斥作为特定的哲学范畴,专指无机界事物相互作用中两种相反因素的对立统一关系,是对接近和分离、收缩和膨胀、化合和化分、吸收和发射、引力和斥力、聚合和裂变等特殊矛盾运动所作的科学概括。显然吸引和排斥不是单一的、不变的;它是作为无机界的基本矛盾来把握的。     

分布式传感光纤应变和温度同时标定方法

为了实现分布式传感光纤应变和温度响应系数的快速准确标定,提出了应变和温度同时标定法.利用恒温装置控制传感光纤和金属管的温度,利用金属管的线性热膨胀对缠绕其上的分布式传感光纤施加应变,通过恒温装置中的松弛传感光纤补偿金属管上传感光纤的温度,共同实现应变和温度的同时、快速、准确标定.利用恒温水浴和不锈钢管进行了单模裸纤布里渊频移应变和温度响应系数的标定实验,应变标定跨度620με,温度标定范围35~75℃,得到单模裸纤布里渊频移的应变和温度响应系数分别为0.048 MHz/με和1.06 MHz/℃.结果表明该方法可用于小直径分布式传感光纤的应变和温度同时标定.     

高中物理与数学的衔接问题与对策分析

在现代的高校教育改革趋势下,做好物理与数学教学间的衔接问题是培养和创造学生理性思维的一种教育方式,提高对物理和数学教学的有效衔接、提高重视是完善和发展现代高校素质教育的重要方面。针对目前高校物理和数学的教育改革现状的,不断丰富物理和数学教学改革的课题和模式,具体分析了高校教育中物理与数学的衔接的必要性、重要意义以及可行措施,以期为高校素质教育教研提供提供理论上的构建和帮助。     

风沙流对高压绝缘子电位和电场分布的影响

研究风沙流对高压绝缘子电位和电场分布的影响,基于有限体积法建立绝缘子风沙气固两相流模型和风沙天气下绝缘子的风-沙-电耦合场模型,计算不同风沙天气下绝缘子表面沙尘的空间分布和沉积及其对绝缘子沿面电位和电场的影响,结果表明：风沙天气下绝缘子沿面电位和电场畸变受风速和粒径影响显著,电位的畸变幅度随风速和粒径的增加而升高,电场的畸变幅度随风速和粒径的增大而减少;风沙天气下绝缘子表面不同的沙尘空间分布和沉积导致绝缘子不同位置沿面电位和电场畸变不同.     

第十七届中国国际激光·光电子及光显示产品展览会全国光学元件及光学仪器产业发展论坛

本次产业发展论坛拟组织特邀报告、大会交流报告和产品、样品宣展等系列推广和市场活动，届时将邀请工业和信息化部、科技部以及航空航天集团的相关司局和部门前来作报告和指导。热忱欢迎广大光学行业的科技人员、工程技术人员和企业管理人员积极撰写论文，到会交流，展示最新产品以及研究成果和在光学元器件应用、开发及生产实践中所取得的宝贵经验和成绩。     

传导冷却单巴高功率半导体激光器热应力和smile研究

利用有限元模型分别研究了回流过程和工作过程中传导冷却高功率半导体激光器的正应力、切应力和形变,并借助理论公式分析了热应力和smile的产生原因和分布规律.分析表明,在回流过程中热膨胀系数不匹配造成的切应力是正应力和变形的根源,而在工作过程中,热膨胀系数不匹配和温度梯度共同影响着热应力和变形.在此基础上,将回流导致的剩余应力和变形作为初始条件施加在有限元模型上,对工作状态器件的热应力和smile进行模拟,以获得更精确的模拟结果.最后,通过有限元模型和实验手段研究了不同热沉温度对smile的影响.结果表明,工作过程会导致器件的smile增大,热沉温度的升高也会造成smile进一步增大.     

发射光谱法同时测定钛基复合材料中的镍铁钼锰和硼的研究

研究了用碳粉、碳酸钙、氧化铜和氧化铍作缓冲剂同时测定钛基复合材料中的镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的发射光谱法,选择铍作内标线,不需分离、不需化学处理,直接压样于杯形的石墨电极中,具有简便、快速、准确。对测定条件、干扰因素进行了研究,从而建立测定镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的新方法。镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的分析线分别为300.36,248.33,315.82,260.57和249.68 nm,内标线选择为铍的298.61 nm,镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的线性范围分别为0.003%～0.30%;0.001%～0.20%;0.003%～0.30%;0.001%～0.20%;0.001%～0.20%。镍、铁、钼、锰和硼的检测限分别0.003%,0.001%,0.003%,0.001%,0.001%,其回收率在95.80%～104.8%范围内,当n=9时,相对标准偏差RSD均小于5%。用于样品的测定取得了满意的结果。     

秦巴山区汉中中药材姜黄中无机元素的测定

用ICP-AES测定陕西汉中市中药姜黄中的2种常量营养性元素(钙、镁)和5种微量元素(铜、铬、铁、锌、锰)含量.钙6010.5μg·g-1、镁6250.1μg · g-1、铜18.8μg·g-1、铬4.2μg·g-1、铁331.8μg·g-1、锌208.6μg·g-1、锰477.4μg·g-1,加标回收率均在96.4％...     

Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on artistic bronze and copper artificial patinas

To prevent the natural processes of decay and to develop and improve the treatments of conservation and restoration of artistic bronzes meaning statues and sculptures, it is important understanding the patination processes and the knowledge of artificially corroded surfaces. Chemical and physical characterization of artificial patinas obtained on artistic bronzes and coppers by using the 19th century Western traditional patination techniques and recipes by means of SEM-EDS, light microscopy and ATR/FT-IR has been done in previous studies [I.Z. Balta, L. Robbiola, Characterization of artificial black patinas on artistic cast bronze and pure copper by using SEM-EDS and light microscopy, in: Proceedings of the 13th European Microscopy Congress, 22-27 August 2004, Antwerp, Belgium, EMC 2004 CD-Rom Conference Preprints; I.Z. Balta, L. Robbiola, Traditional artificial artistic bronze and copper patinas—an investigation by SEM-EDS and ATR/FT-IR, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Non Destructive Investigations and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and Conservation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage, 15-19 May 2005, Lecce, Italy, ART’05 CD-Rom Conference Preprints]. Differences in morphology (structure, thickness, porosity, adherence, compactity, uniformity, homogeneity) and also in composition, on both artistic cast bronze and pure copper patinas, were clearly evidenced. Further in-depth investigation is required to be carried out in order to better understand the patinas mechanisms of formation and the layers kinetics of growth. The elemental and chemical analysis, either on a surface monolayer or in a depth profile, by using the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques, can provide this kind of information, unique at trace-level sensitivity. SIMS has proved to be a suitable analytical technique for analyzing small amounts of material with high atomic sensitivity (ppm or even ppb) and high depth/lateral resolution in the micron and sub-micron range [R.G. Wilson, F.A. Stevie, C.W. Magee, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Handbook for Depth Profiling and Bulk Impurity Analysis, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989; M. Dowsett, A. Adriaens, The role of SIMS in cultural heritage studies, Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B 226 (2004) 38-52]. XPS has the ability to provide detailed chemical information on virtually each kind of solid sample, and elemental identification is therefore possible due to the core level photoemission. The most important advantage is the high surface sensitivity of the chemical information (a few monolayers) [E. Ciliberto, G. Spoto, Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2000]. In addition elements’ relative abundance can be made semi-quantitative or quantitative and information on chemical bonds can be derived.The aim of the present work is to highlight the advantages and the limits of XPS and Dynamic SIMS surface analytical techniques for the characterization of artistic bronze and copper artificial patinas. The results obtained on the analyzed samples allowed the distribution of the main elements in the corrosion patinas layers and the contribution of each elements present in bronze matrix to the color of the resulting patinas to be precisely revealed. This information could be used for comparative studies between artificial and natural patinas, and also for provenience and authentication studies for artistic and archaeological bronzes.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定磁化杯中铅、镉和铁

本文研究了火焰原子吸收光谱法测定磁化杯陶瓷内胆中Ｐｈ、Ｃｄ和Ｆｅ含量的方法。样品经粉碎，用硝酸－高氯酸混合液进行消解后测定。本法灵敏度高，干扰少，简单，快速，具有良好的精密度和准确度，其相对标准偏差分别为Ｐｂ３．９９％，Ｃｄ１０．７％，Ｆｅ０．９％。回收率Ｐｂ１００．６１％，Ｃｄ１０１．１８％，Ｆｅ１０２．４％。     

Energy,Exergy, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenvironmental Impact Analyses and Optimization of Various Geothermal Power Cycle Configurations

Energy, exergy, and exergoeconomic evaluations of various geothermal configurations are reported. The main operational and economic parameters of the cycles are evaluated and compared. Multi-objective optimization of the cycles is conducted using the artificial bee colony algorithm. A sensitivity assessment is carried out on the effect of production well temperature variation on system performance from energy and economic perspectives. The results show that the flash-binary cycle has the highest thermal and exergy efficiencies, at 15.6% and 64.3%, respectively. The highest generated power cost and pay-back period are attributable to the simple organic Rankine cycle (ORC). Raising the well-temperature can increase the exergy destruction rate in all configurations. However, the electricity cost and pay-back period decrease. Based on the results, in all cases, the exergoenvironmental impact improvement factor decreases, and the temperature rises. The exergy destruction ratio and efficiency of all components for each configuration are calculated and compared. It is found that, at the optimum state, the exergy efficiencies of the simple organic Rankine cycle, single flash, double flash, and flash-binary cycles respectively are 14.7%, 14.4%, 12.6%, and 14.1% higher than their relevant base cases, while the pay-back periods are 10.6%, 1.5% 1.4%, and 0.6% lower than the base cases.     

页岩油气层核磁共振评价技术综述

对于常规储层,核磁共振是一项十分有效的解释-评价技术,它既能评价岩石物性与孔隙结构,又能评价孔隙流体分布与饱和度,且具有快速、无损、经济等特点;而对于页岩储层,其核磁共振受纳米级孔隙、复杂矿物成分、特殊孔隙结构、较高有机质含量、超低渗透性及内部梯度和受限扩散等因素的影响,面临探测分辨率低、解释模型不适用等瓶颈．为了发挥该项技术在页岩油气勘探开发中的作用,将国内外的页岩油气层核磁共振分析、评价技术与相关的页岩油气层实验室微观分析成果相结合,进行了系统梳理,从探测分辨率的提高、孔隙结构与岩石物性评价模型的建立、孔隙流体分布与识别模型的建立等方面进行了综述,提出需加强纳米孔的核磁共振弛豫机理和提高 D-T₂二维谱分辨率两个基础研究,在此基础上,进一步完善岩石物理及孔隙流体两个评价模型．
     

Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.     

Astrophysical combustion

There are three main astrophysical combustion systems: the evolution of stars, formation of interstellar dust and particulates, and the transition to hadrons in the early universe. These are described in terms of general combustion concepts, such as ignition, laminar and turbulent flames, detonations, multiphase flows, and particle and soot formation. Viewed in this way, the universe and many of its most important astronomical components are combustion systems, and we should use these as naturally occurring laboratories for exploring new and familiar combustion regimes. A more detailed discussion focuses on one type of combustion system, the ignition and development of turbulent flames in Type Ia supernovae, and the importance of the transition to a detonation.     

ICP-MS在城市道路尘土中非常规监测微量元素污染评价中的应用

采集了石河子城区32个站点的道路尘土样本,测定了样品中10种非常规监测微量元素(B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl,V)的含量。并采用地积累指数法、元素相关性分析和主成分分析法对尘土中的微量元素污染程度和来源进行了分析。结果表明：道路尘土中微量B,Be,Bi,Co,Ga,Li,Sb,Sn,Tl和V的平均含量分别为41.11,1.68,0.52,13.58,36.26,24.91,3.37,3.64,0.42,72.66 mg·kg-1。其中,Co,Li和Tl的平均含量均低于新疆土壤元素背景值,B,Be和V的平均含量和新疆土壤元素背景值相似,Bi,Ga,Sb和Sn的平均含量高于新疆和世界土壤元素背景值。地积累指数计算结果表明：B,Be,Co,Ga,Li,Tl和V污染级数为0,说明无污染,而Sb,Bi和Sn污染较为严重(污染等级分别为2,1,1)。元素相关性分析和主成分分析多元统计方法计算结果表明,Bi,Co,Sb和Tl主要是人为来源,B,Be,Li和V主要是自然来源,而Ga和Sn可能受自然因素和人为因素的共同影响。     

Physical Manipulation of Lanthanide‐Activated Photoluminescence

Versatile manipulation of lanthanide photoluminescence not only enables a more thorough understanding of the luminescent mechanism, but also promotes their widespread applications including advanced display and security, bioimaging and biotherapy, and sensors. The traditional chemical methods, engineering of composition, concentration, size, morphology, and surface defects, can easily tune the excitation, energy transfer and emission processes and have been frequently used. Despite the powerful ability to control luminescence intensity and selectivity, these chemical approaches suffer from cumbersome synthesis processes and are usually time consuming and irreversible. Recently, there have been numerous examples of physical approaches realizing in situ, real time, and reversible luminescence manipulation for certain materials under a given excitation. Herein, the existing physical strategies comprising temperature, magnetic field, electric field, and mechanical stress are summarized. For each approach, the action mechanism, material design, applications, as well as current challenges are discussed, and possible development directions and broadening of the potential application areas are considered.