稀土上转换纳米发光材料研究进展

上转换纳米发光材料(UCNPs)是一种能在长波长光激发下发出短波长光的发光材料.在较多的研究中UCNPs在980 nm红外光激发下,能发出不同颜色的可见光,可以显著提高信噪比,所以UCNPs在三维立体显示、上转换激光器、红外探测、防伪识别、生物检测等诸多领域都具有广阔的应用前景.从稀土上转换纳米发光材料的基质和稀土离子及其光学性能方面概述了近几年稀土上转换纳米发光材料的研究进展.     

稀土超长余辉材料及其涂料的研究

以碳酸锶、氧化铝、氧化铕和氧化镝为原料，用高温固相反应法合成了稀土超长余辉发光材料SrAl2O4：Eu^2 ,Dy^3 。测试了该发光材料的激发光谱、发射光谱、余辉亮度及余辉时间，激发光谱主峰分别位于320和360nm处，激发波长的范围较宽，从紫外到可见光区均可激发该发光材料。发射光谱的主峰位于520nm，发光颜色为黄绿色，余辉可达16h以上。解释了超长余辉发光材料的发光机制。以苯丙乳液为成膜物，添加适量的发光粉及适当的助剂研制出一种超长余辉发光涂料。确定出了该涂料的最佳配方，测定了涂料的各种性能，并对影响涂料性能的主要因素进行了探讨。     

(Y,Gd)BO3:Eu的真空紫外光谱特性

近年来由于等离子体平板显示(PDP)技术的需要,对真空紫外(VUV)光激发的荧光粉的研究成为发光材料领域中的一个新方向[1～3]. 由于技术和实验仪器等方面的原因[4], 以往人们对稀土发光材料VUV区的研究很少, 缺乏对其光谱和能级的完整认识. 另外, 稀土离子Gd3+在荧光粉的能量传递中具有特殊作用, 一些含Gd3+的发光材料在VUV区发光效率很高, 例如, (Y,Gd)BO3:Eu在VUV区的发光效率比YBO3:Eu提高了20%, 比Y2O3:Eu提高了1.8倍, 与其它红粉相比更具有实际应用价值[4,5]. 但目前对于(Y,Gd)BO3:Eu的研究主要集中在紫外可见区[6], 因此, 深入研究(Y,Gd)BO3:Eu的真空紫外光谱特性, 对于发展PDP技术具有重要意义.     

纳米稀土磷酸盐(Gd,Y)PO4:Tb的室温固相合成及发光性能

三基色荧光灯用绿色发光材料,其发光效率对总的光通量影响很大[1],因而探索不同体系的绿色发光材料的合成将意义重大.由于Tb3 离子具有较好的特征绿色发射,所以研究铽的不同体系绿粉一直是人们所感兴趣的课题[2].稀土磷酸盐发光材料具有发光亮度高,合成温度适中,色坐标x值大等优点,因而成为当前材料科学的热门[3-5].     

Y2O2S∶Eu,Mg,Ti,Tb红色长时发光材料的研究

利用高温固相反应法合成了一种新型的红色长时发光材料--Y2O2S∶Eu, Mg, Ti, Tb. 材料的XRD测试结果表明Eu掺杂引起Y2O2S∶Eu, Mg, Ti, Tb晶胞增大. 激发光谱、发射光谱和发光衰减曲线表明该材料是一种适合紫外线和可见光激发, 并具有很好的长时发光性能的红色长时发光材料. 热释光谱测试结果表明该材料可能具有两个较深的陷阱能级. 研究了Eu, Mg, Ti, Tb的加入量对材料发光特性的影响, 结果表明: Eu, Mg, Ti, Tb影响材料的初始亮度和发光时间, Eu决定材料的红色比.     

真空紫外光激发下铕掺杂的硼酸盐发光特性与结构的关系

为了改进现有或开发新的PDP用荧光材料,必须考虑荧光材料的发光性质,如吸收峰位置、能量由基质到发光中心的传递效率、色纯度、发光强度等,而这些性质与荧光材料的结构有着紧密的联系.在研究了多种三价铕掺杂的硼酸盐荧光材料的基础上,比较了它们在真空紫外光激发下的吸收特性,定性讨论了能量从基质到发光中心的传递效率,分析了影响红色荧光材料色纯度的有关性质.     

无机纳米稀土发光材料的制备方法*

无机纳米稀土发光材料作为一种重要的发光材料,由于具有独特的光、电和化学性质,使其在高性能磁体、发光器件、显示、生物标记、光学成像和光学治疗等方面得到了广泛的应用。稀土发光材料的这些性质与材料的尺寸和形状密切相关,近年来研究者已经利用多种合成方法制备了不同形状的纳米稀土发光材料,包括纳米线、纳米棒、纳米管、纳米纤维和纳米片等。本文综述了无机纳米稀土发光材料的几种常用的制备方法,包括水热/溶剂热法、有机/无机前驱体热分解法和超声辅助合成法等,评述了这些方法的优缺点,并结合课题组在无机纳米稀土发光材料制备方面的工作,对无机纳米稀土发光材料制备方法的发展进行了展望。     

上/下转换材料在染料敏化太阳电池中的应用进展

上/下转换技术能将红外光和紫外光能量转换成与工作电池匹配的光谱范围内能量,解决了由于光谱不匹配造成的能量损失,实现拓宽电池的吸收光谱,提高电池的光利用率和转换效率,降低紫外光对电池稳定性的影响。稀土离子由于特殊的能级结构且发光效率高,常作为上/下转换发光材料的中心离子。近年来上转换发光中心主要集中在Er³⁺,Tm³⁺等三价离子,敏化中心则为具有特殊能级结构和较长激发态寿命的Yb³⁺离子。Tb³⁺,Eu³⁺,Sm³⁺等离子由于在紫外光区具有电荷迁移吸收带,易被高能紫外光子激发,量子效率接近100%且发射谱线主要位于可见光区,常被用作下转换发光中心。发光基质多选择声子能量低、透光范围广、易于掺杂的氟化物,并通过水热法制备出结晶度高、粒径小且分布均匀的粉体材料。目前,上/下转换技术应用于DSC的研究越来越受到人们的重视,本文将对上转换和下转换技术在DSC中的应用进行详细阐述,主要介绍上/下转换技术的发展背景,在太阳电池中的应用和方法,详细综述近几年来各类上转换和下转换材料在太阳电池中应用的研究进展,最后对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

稀土发光材料技术和市场现状及展望

全面分析了新型节能绿色照明及平板显示用稀土发光材料研究及产业发展状况,特别总结了三基色节能灯照明、半导体照明、液晶显示背光源以及等离子平板显示用稀土发光材料的种类、性能、制备技术及产业状况。指出我国在半导体照明、液晶显示背光源、等离子显示等高端稀土发光材料领域核心知识产权缺乏、市场占有率低,在灯用三基色荧光粉等领域存在制备技术落后、发光效率低、稳定性差等问题。最后,展望了我国稀土发光材料下一步的研发和产业重点和发展趋势。     

LaBO3—Mg3（BO3）2体系中Ce^2＋和Tb^2＋的发光

在紫外光(UV)和阴极射线(CR)激发下,研究了Ce~(3+)和Tb~(3+)在LaBO_3-Mg_3(BO_3)_2体系中的发光性能及组成对其发射强度的影响。在254nm激发下,Ce~(3+)→Tb~(3+)的能量传递机理为电偶极-电偶极相互作用的共振传递,能量传递效率可接近100％。在378nm激发下,Tb~(3+)在LaBO_3-Mg_3(BO_3)_2体系中的浓度猝灭机理也为电偶极-电偶极相互作用。在阴极射线激发下,Ce~(3+)对Tb~(3+)的发光起猝灭作用。     

Optical energy transport and interactions between the excitations in a coumarin-perylene bisimide dendrimer

Energy transfer properties of novel coumarin-perylene bisimide dendrimer are studied by means of steady state and time-resolved UV/vis spectroscopy. At low donor excitation density fast (transfer rate approximately 10 ps(-1)) and efficient (quantum yield approximately 99.5%) donor-acceptor energy transfer is observed. The random distributions of donor-acceptor orientations and distances result in nonexponential energy transfer kinetics. The energy transfer remains independent of excitation density up to densities corresponding to one absorbed photon per 10 dendrimer molecules. At higher excitation densities the transfer rate is found to increase due to excitation of multiple donors per dendrimer. Control of the donor-acceptor energy transfer rate is achieved by pre-excitation of the acceptor and monitored by prepump-pump-probe experiments, which show that the energy transfer rate can be decreased by a factor of 2. The relative orientations of transition dipole moments in the donor and acceptor molecules are found to be one of the key factors determining the energy transfer dynamics at high excitation densities.     

Fullerene ionization dynamics after single photon excitation with synchrotron radiation

Ionization dynamics of free C₆₀ is investigated after single photon excitation with synchrotron radiation in the energy range between 8.9 eV and 27.6 eV. Upper limits for the time constants describing possible delayed ionization are obtained from peak shape asymmetries in time of flight spectra as a function of excitation energy. The results clearly indicate that delayed ionization is not observed after single photon excitation in contrast to the results obtained in ns-laser MPI experiments.     

Energy Transfer in Aminonaphthalimide‐Boron‐Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) Dyads upon One‐ and Two‐Photon Excitation: Applications for Cellular Imaging

Aminonaphthalimide–BODIPY energy transfer cassettes were found to show very fast (k_EET≈10¹⁰–10¹¹ s^?1) and efficient BODIPY fluorescence sensitization. This was observed upon one‐ and two‐photon excitation, which extends the application range of the investigated bichromophoric dyads in terms of accessible excitation wavelengths. In comparison with the direct excitation of the BODIPY chromophore, the two‐photon absorption cross‐section δ of the dyads is significantly incremented by the presence of the aminonaphthalimide donor [δ≈10 GM for the BODIPY versus 19–26 GM in the dyad at λ_exc=840 nm; 1 GM (Goeppert–Mayer unit)=10^?50 cm⁴ s molecule^?1 photon^?1]. The electronic decoupling of the donor and acceptor, which is a precondition for the energy transfer cassette concept, was demonstrated by time‐dependent density functional theory calculations. The applicability of the new probes in the one‐ and two‐photon excitation mode was demonstrated in a proof‐of‐principle approach in the fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the merging of multiphoton excitation with the energy transfer cassette concept for a BODIPY‐containing dyad.     

Energy up-conversion by low-power excitation: new applications of an old concept

Energy up-conversion is the process by which two absorbed photons are converted in one photon of higher energy. Such a process can be conveniently performed by low-power excitation through sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation and it is now an emerging technique with possible applications in different fields, including photovoltaic devices and bioimaging.     

Two-color visible/vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron imaging dynamics of Br2

An experimental two-color photoionization dynamics study of laser-excited Br2 molecules is presented, combining pulsed visible laser excitation and tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) synchrotron radiation with photoelectron imaging. The X 1Sigmag + -B 3Pi0+u transition in Br2 is excited at 527 nm corresponding predominantly to excitation of the v' = 28 vibrational level in the B 3Pi0+u state. Tunable VUV undulator radiation in the energy range of 8.40-10.15 eV is subsequently used to ionize the excited molecules to the X 2Pi32,12 state of the ion, and the ionic ground state is probed by photoelectron imaging. Similar experiments are performed using single-photon synchrotron ionization in the photon energy range of 10.75-12.50 eV without any laser excitation. Photoelectron kinetic energy distributions are extracted from the photoelectron images. In the case of two-color photoionization using resonant excitation of the intermediate B 3Pi0+u state, a broad distribution of photoelectron kinetic energies is observed, and in some cases even a bimodal distribution, which depends on the VUV photon energy. In contrast, for single-photon ionization, a single nearly Gaussian-shaped distribution is observed, which shifts to higher energy with photon energy. Simulated spectra based on Franck-Condon factors for the transitions Br2(X 1Sigmag+, v" = 0)-Br2 +(X 2Pi12,32, v+) and Br2(B 3Pi0+u, v' = 28)-Br2 +(X 2Pi12,32, v+) are generated. Comparison of these calculated spectra with the measured images suggests that the differences in the kinetic energy distributions for the two ionization processes reflect the different extensions of the vibrational wave functions in the v" = 0 electronic ground state (X 1Sigmag+) versus the electronically and vibrationally excited state (B 3Pi0+u, v' = 28).     

Valence photoelectron spectroscopy of N2 and CO: recoil-induced rotational excitation, relative intensities, and atomic orbital composition of molecular orbitals

Recoil-induced rotational excitation accompanying photoionization has been measured for the X, A, and B states of N(2)(+) and CO(+) over a range of photon energies from 60 to 900 eV. The mean recoil excitation increases linearly with the kinetic energy of the photoelectron, with slopes ranging from 0.73×10(-5) to 1.40×10(-5). These slopes are generally (but not completely) in accord with a simple model that treats the electrons as if they were emitted from isolated atoms. This treatment takes into account the atom from which the electron is emitted, the molecular-frame angular distribution of the electron, and the dependence of the photoelectron cross section on photon energy, on atomic identity, and on the type of atomic orbital from which the electron is ejected. These measurements thus provide a tool for investigating the atomic orbital composition of the molecular orbitals. Additional insight into this composition is obtained from the relative intensities of the various photolines in the spectrum and their variation with photon energy. Although there are some discrepancies between the predictions of the model and the observations, many of these can be understood qualitatively from a comparison of atomic and molecular wavefunctions. A quantum-mechanical treatment of recoil-induced excitation predicts an oscillatory variation with photon energy of the excitation. However, the predicted oscillations are small compared with the uncertainties in the data, and, as a result, the currently available results cannot provide confirmation of the quantum-mechanical theory.     

Observation of resonant interatomic coulombic decay in Ne clusters

We have measured the electron spectra of Ne clusters after excitation with photon energies around the 2s inner valence threshold. At two photon energies below threshold, a resonantly enhanced surplus of low kinetic-energy electrons is observed. The kinetic energy of the peak does not vary with the photon energy and is slightly larger than the transition energy of Interatomic Coulombic Decay (ICD) above threshold. This leads us to assume that an ICD-like process is present. In analogy to the Auger and the resonant Auger decay this new phenomenon is termed resonant ICD.     

Single-molecule triplet-state photon antibunching at room temperature

We have probed single-molecule metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) dynamics of a ruthenium complex at room temperature. Using photon antibunching measurements under continuous wave (CW) laser excitation, nonclassical photon statistics, and excitation power dependent measurements, we were able to selectively measure the single-molecule MLCT state lifetime. This work demonstrated, as the first single-molecule photon antibunching measurement of the triplet excited state, a new application of single-molecule spectroscopy on excited-state dynamics and ground-state recovering dynamics of an important class of chemical species that have often been used and studied in energy conversion and electron transfer.     

Transient vibronic structure in ultrafast fluorescence spectra of photoactive yellow protein

The ultrafast photo-induced dynamics of wild-type photoactive yellow protein and its site-directed mutant of E46Q in aqueous solution was studied at room temperature by femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy using the optical Kerr-gate method. The vibronic structure appears, depending on the excitation photon energy, in the time-resolved fluorescence spectra just after photoexcitation, which winds with time and disappears on a time scale of sub-picoseconds. This result indicates that the wavepacket is localized in the electronic excited state followed by dumped oscillations and broadening, and also that the initial condition of the wavepacket prepared depending on the excitation photon energy affects much the following ultrafast dynamics in the electronic excited state.     

Core level (S 2p) excitation and fragmentation of the dimethyl sulfide and dimethyldisulfide molecules

Electronic excitation and ionic dissociation of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) have been studied around the S 2p edge using synchrotron radiation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry techniques. Mass spectra were obtained for both molecules, below, on and above the well defined resonances observed in the S 2p photoabsorption spectrum and centered at approximately 166 eV photon energy. Ab initio IS-CASSCF calculations were performed for a better understanding of the photoabsorption spectra. Similar calculations were also performed for the H(2)S molecule, in order to establish a bench mark. For both molecules, a higher fragmentation degree is observed with increasing photon energy. In the DMDS case, selective fragmentation was observed in the formation of the [CH(n)S](+) ions at the first S 2p resonance (corresponding to excitation to a σ*SS state) and in the formation of the [S(2)](+) and [S](+) ions at the third S 2p resonance (corresponding to excitation to a σ*CS state). Previously unreported doubly charged ([S](2+), [CH(3)](2+)) are observed for DMS and DMDS.