Polymers for the 21st Century

Abstract

In the 21st century, polymers will be even more in demand for our modern societal needs than they are today. From the high volume commodity plastics to the highly sophisticated, highly priced, and specially designed low volume functional specialty polymers, an entire rainbow of needs and application possibilities awaits the polymers of the future. In some cases new and improved manufacturing techniques or improvements in the life cycle of these materials will be needed. In other cases completely new polymer structures and their morphologies will have to be developed.     

21世纪的高分子化学展望

对于２１世纪高分子科学的展望大致如下：２１世纪的特征是能源、材料和环保与健康（或称绿色）。作为材料领域中极其重要的部分,２１世纪对高分子材料在质量方面都有要求,大致可分二个方面同是通过控制聚合而得均匀高分子,其分子量概念不再是各种长短不齐高分子链的平均分子量;二是绿色高分子与绿色反应,前者主要是指生物高分子,对环境稳定高分子则将进行回收与重复使用;所谓绿色反应指所有高分子与相应单体的合成方法都必须     

DNA microarrays: tools for the 21st Century

Profiling of gene expression patterns with microarray technology is widely used in both basic and applied research. DNA microarrays have also shown great promise in clinical medicine and are paving the way toward effective pharmaceutical drug discovery and individualized drug regimens. With growing utilization of this high-throughput technology, new applications are making headlines on a regular basis. This review aims to outline the pros and cons of this methodology and direct the reader towards available useful resources. Various major array formats such as high-density oligonucleotide arrays and spotted cDNA arrays are examined, and advantages and options for using each format are presented. Factors important for the design and analysis of microarray experiments are also discussed.     

Hungarian Chemistry in the 21st Century

Chemical research in Hungary is attracting broad interest, as can be seen from this collection of highlights, all previously published in internationally esteemed journals.     

Aliphatic Polyethers: Classical Polymers for the 21st Century

Polyethers—polymers with the structural element (R'‐O‐R)_n in their backbone—are an old class of polymers which were already used at the time of the ancient Egyptians. However, still today these materials are highly important with applications in all areas of our life, reaching from the automotive and paper industry to cosmetics and biomedical applications. In this Review, different aliphatic polyethers like poly(epoxide)s, poly(oxetane)s, and poly(tetrahydrofuran) are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the history, the polymerization techniques (industrially and in academia), the properties, the applications as well as recent developments of these materials.

     

面对21世纪的挑战

面对２１世纪的挑战李远哲在过去的十年内，我曾经在不同的场合以同样的话题，发表个人对人类将来的一些看法与关怀。虽然这十年来，世局的改变非常急速，但是我基本的观点并没有改变，改变的是随着世纪转折点的来临，我们必须更坚决地下定决心，加深“迎接挑战”迫切感。...     

21世纪电化学的若干发展趋势

本文简要回顾 2 0世纪后五十年电化学在理论、实验技术、新现象发现和应用等领域的重要进展 ,提出了 2 1世纪前期电化学的若干发展趋势 ,强调应重视电化学新体系的研究 ,以迎接 2 1世纪能源、材料、生命、信息和环境对电化学技术的挑战     

对一部《无机化学》教材的勘误

我们是2002级的化学专业的大学生,在学习无机化学课程中使用的教材是由北京师范大学无机化学教研室等联合编写,高等教育出版社出版的《无机化学》(第4版)教材。该教材为“面向二十一世纪课程教材”,书中配有精美的封面、彩图,添加了一些相关网站的地址,还把一些相关词语译成英文,给人以耳目一新的感觉。但一年学下来,却发现其中的错漏太多,让我们难以理解。现将其中的部分问题及修改意见整理如表1。表1《无机化学》中的部分问题及修改意见页码问题修改意见29图14氢原子光谱与电子跃迁中的光谱部分遗漏谱线,谱线的波长位置也有误。图中缺Hγ…     

化学生物学将成为21世纪重要的新兴交叉学科

2000年3月25-26日,由国家自然科学基金会化学部主持召开了"化学生物学"研讨会.来自北京大学、清华大学、北京医科大学、中国科技大学、中山大学、兰州大学、四川大学、中国科学院化学研究所、中国科学院上海有机化学研究所、中国科学院上海药物研究所、军事医学科学院毒物研究所和放射医学研究所等单位30余位从事化学和生命科学交叉领域研究的专家,对"化学生物学 (Chemical Biology)"这一新兴学科的国内外发展状况以及未来的发展方向,进行了深入讨论.     

中国和21世纪的国际移民研究

在过去四十年中,中国经济的崛起对中国国际移民输入和输出有着重大的转变性的影响,来华国际移民空间特征日益明显,国际移民相关研究也不断丰富。美国−墨西哥边境危机,美国种族人口变化对美国社会的挑战,国际移民向非传统居住地扩展、分散等热点问题,是21世纪以来国际移民研究主要趋势和前沿领域的代表。“一带一路”背景下中国国际移民发展有着光明的前景,“一带一路”倡议给国际移民领域的中国学者提供了难得的机会。在未来的10—20年内,中国的国际移民学者有机会在国际移民数据收集、分析方法、理论创新以及移民政策制定方面做出重要贡献。     

分子反应动力学如何走向21世纪

分子反应动力学领域正在发展之中,还远未进入成熟期。有些课题,如涉及对化学反应性基本理解方面的飞秒化学、立体化学动力学、态一态化学、选模化学以及有关新反应类型方面的团簇化学动力学、自由基反应动力学、气一固表面反应动力学等皆处于它们发展的中间阶段。另外有些课题,如激光控制化学反应,则仅处于初创阶段。它们如何进入21世纪呢?我们建议将来应该研究如下课题:(1)飞秒化学及立体态一态动力学;(2)激光控制化学反应;(3)团簇形成规律、结构及动力学;(4)分子高振动激发态光谱、自由基光谱及动力学;(5)理论研究。本文对上述课题给予简要的讨论。     

Life Cycle Assessment in Polymer Industry Toward the 21st Century

Abstract

Life cycle assessments to protect global environment and to control waste in the polymer industry are reviewed. The focus is on 1) environmentally sound technology, 2) energy conservation, and 3) recycling of industrial products. The competitiveness of a nation depends on how it balances economic development of sustainable growth and responsible care of the global environment in a borderless economy. It fully depends on the development of both environmentally sound manufacturing and effective recycling technologies for the products. Current environmental issues of the Japanese chemical industries as well as Toray's performance and new products development for environment business are reviewed: 1) Energy conservation and technology of the Japanese manufacturing industry, 2) Development of environmentally sound technology, 3) Effective products recycling technologies, and 4) Sustainable growth in the new chemical age. The future issues of life cycle assessment and environmental protection in manufacturing industries are discussed.     

推荐一个工科大学化学实验

推荐一个工科大学化学实验———BaTiO3 纳米粉的溶胶 凝胶法制备及其表征。该实验以钛酸四丁酯和醋酸钡为原料 ,正丁醇为溶剂 ,利用溶胶 凝胶法 ,基于DTA曲线适当的热处理条件下 ,制备BaTiO3 纳米粉 ,并进行了XRD分析 ,使学生对溶胶 凝胶法制备纳米粉和纳米粉的一般表征方法有了基本的认识和理解     

注重素质繁简得当--面向21世纪课程教材《分析化学》评介

分析化学是获取和处理物质的化学组成和结构信息的一门学科,在科学技术的发展进程中,分析化学起着越来越重要的作用.如何使大学生,特别是今后要面对中学教学的师范类大学生在分析化学这门课程的知识获取上跟上时代的步伐,为素质教育奠定良好基础,一直是众多分析化学教育者关注的热门话题.     

21世纪理论化学的挑战和机遇

本文是2002年7月在长春召开的第八届全国量子化学学术会议上的大会发言。内容如下:(1)20世纪的化学取得了辉煌的成就,应该获得社会的认同。(2)20世纪发明了七大技术,第一是合成化学技术。(3)21世纪的化学面临四大难题,期待我们去解决。(4)理论化学家应该深入交叉学科领域,拓展研究阵地。     

面向21世纪课程教材《有机化学》教学浅谈

浅议了教材必须对教学具有适应性和可行性的观点 ,介绍了使用化工专业面向 2 1世纪新教材《有机化学》的教学体会以及教师应如何适应新教材组织教学的一些方法。     

Challenges and Development Opportunities for Catalytic Technologies in Petrochemical Industry in the 21st Century

The propellent drive and development opportunities for future catalytic technologies in petrochemical industry in the 21st century are reviewed in this paper. It focuses on the following five aspects:(1) The environmentally-friendly catalytic technologies, such as new technologies for the production of organic chemicals changing the raw material and synthetic process, the chemicals production replacing phosgene and hydrogen cyanide toxicant, and the conversion and utilization of organic wastes etc.(2) Utilization and development of cheaper light alkanes, for example, the chemical use of natural gas and the development technologies of methane chain, the production of acetic acid, ethylene and vinyl chloride from selective oxidation of ethane, as well as the manufacture of acrolein and acrylonitrile from the oxidation and ammoxidation of propane.(3) The new propylene-plus technologies of the low value higher olefins, such as catalytic cracking of C4,C5 olefins and metathesis of C4 olefin.(4) The technologies of high selective oxidation, e.g. production of propylene oxide with TS-1 molecular sieve, oxidation process by lattice oxygen and direct oxidation of benzene to phenol etc.(5) Development and application of novel catalytic materials, especially, mesopore molecular sieve materials for a larger molecule reaction, zeolite catalyst with MWW structure for alkylation of benzene and propylene, ionic liquid, and membrane reactor catalyst etc.Meanwhile,the challenging research subjects for future industrial catalysis and the several viewpoints for development strategy of new catalytic technologies are proposed. These viewpoints are as follows:(1) Catalysis discipline must be integrated with many other disciplines and should be multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary.(2) New preparation methods of catalytic materials must be originally developed.(3) The instrumentation having better time resolution and spatial resolution and applying under reaction conditions must be improved further.(4) Fundamental research for catalysis and catalytic theory must be enhanced.(5) Catalysis science must be closely integrated with catalytic reaction engineering.(6) Knowledge innovation and technical progress must be accelerated.(7) Scientific and technological co-operation between academic, industrial circles and public organization having a common interest in catalysis must be intensified.