质子交换膜燃料电池阳极抗CO催化剂的研究进展

质子交换膜燃料电池采用重整气或甲醇为燃料时 ,阳极催化剂的CO中毒问题是影响其性能的主要原因 .使用抗CO催化剂是解决该问题的根本方法 .文中对质子交换膜燃料电池的CO问题进行了简介 ,比较详细地介绍了目前抗CO催化剂研究的发展现状 ,包括各种催化剂的活性、制法及抗CO机理 .Mo、W是很有希望改进阳极催化剂抗CO能力的材料 ,多组分催化剂是比较有希望的方向 .     

Molecular Design of Polyoxometalate-Based Compounds for Environmentally-Friendly Functional Group Transformations: From Molecular Catalysts to Heterogeneous Catalysts

This review article summarizes our recent researches for molecular design of polyoxometalates (POMs) and their related compounds for environmentally-friendly functional group transformations. The divacant POM [γ-SiW₁₀O₃₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁻ exhibits high catalytic performance for mono-oxygenation-type reactions including epoxidation of olefins and allylic alcohols, sulfoxidation, and hydroxylation of organosilanes with H₂O₂. We have successfully synthesized several POM-based molecular catalysts (metal-substituted POMs) with controlled active sites by the introduction of metal species into the divacant POM as a “structural motif”. These molecular catalysts can efficiently activate H₂O₂ (vanadium-substituted POM for epoxidation) and alkynes (copper-substituted POM for click reaction and oxidative homocoupling of alkynes). The aluminum-substituted POM exhibits Lewis acidic catalysis for diastereoselective cyclization of (+)-citronellal to (−)-isopulegol. In addition, we have developed POM-based “molecular heterogeneous catalysts” by the “solidification” and “immobilization” of catalytically active POMs.     

Sodium Butylated Hydroxytoluene: A Functional Group Tolerant,Eco-Friendly Base for Solvent-Free,Pd-Catalysed Amination

NaBHT (sodium 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolate), a strong, but hindered and lipophilic base, has been effectively paired with similarly lipophilic, high-reactivity Pd-NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) catalysts to produce an ideal combination for performing solvent-free (melt) cross-coupling amination. The mild nucleophilicity of NaBHT, coupled with the anti-oxidant properties of its conjugate acid byproduct, BHT means the process seems to have no functional group incompatibilities. Highly effective coupling of base-sensitive and redox-active functional groups was observed in all cases with only 0.1–0.2 mol percent catalyst. Comparisons using the standard base for this reaction, KOtBu, led to poor couplings or complete degradation in most applications – only NaBHT works.     

Transition-Metal Nitride Core@Noble-Metal Shell Nanoparticles as Highly CO Tolerant Catalysts

Core–shell architectures offer an effective way to tune and enhance the properties of noble-metal catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of Pt shell on titanium tungsten nitride core nanoparticles (Pt/TiWN) by high temperature ammonia nitridation of a parent core–shell carbide material (Pt/TiWC). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed significant core-level shifts for Pt shells supported on TiWN cores, corresponding to increased stabilization of the Pt valence d-states. The modulation of the electronic structure of the Pt shell by the nitride core translated into enhanced CO tolerance during hydrogen electrooxidation in the presence of CO. The ability to control shell coverage and vary the heterometallic composition of the shell and nitride core opens up attractive opportunities to synthesize a broad range of new materials with tunable catalytic properties.     

聚烯烃弹性体催化剂研究进展

聚烯烃弹性体(POE)是一类有高性能、高附加值的高分子材料,随着其应用领域的不断拓展,在国内外得到迅速发展,国内各大相关企业纷纷投入巨资进行研究开发。作为聚烯烃产业核心技术的催化剂,核心技术目前主要控制在西方公司手中,开发具有自主知识产权的催化剂是当前的POE领域研究热点。为了给国内同行提供参考,课题组结合国内外的研究工作,对目前主流的POE催化剂——限定几何构型茂金属催化剂(CGC) 、桥连双配体结构茂金属和苯氧基亚胺催化剂(FI)的发展历程进行了评述,对近五年这三类催化剂的微观结构、催化活性以及结构与催化性能的关系,特别是催化乙烯/1-辛烯共聚反应的活性以及1-辛烯插入率进行详细的比较,考察了各类不同的有机配体对催化剂催化行为、聚合物组成的影响,揭示了均相催化条件下通过改变配体结构以提高聚合反应温度和1-辛烯插入率的技术方案,本文摘录了67篇文献,涉及到109种催化剂,相信本文的工作对于国内同行设计、合成新型POE催化剂将具有重要的参考作用。     

费托合成钴基催化剂的研究进展

 费托合成油技术是煤炭、天然气等含碳资源清洁优化利用的重要途径, 其关键问题之一是催化剂选择性的调控, 即抑制甲烷生成和提高馏分油含量. 近 10 年来, 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所系统地开展了钴基费托合成催化剂及制备放大的工程基础研究, 包括钴分散度、还原度与甲烷生成之间的关系, 载体表面疏水性对催化剂性能的影响, 以及采用孔道限域等手段初步实现了产物的选择性调控. 同时, 初步阐明了甲烷生成的结构基础, 并指明了新型馏分油催化剂研发方向. 在此基础上, 研制了新型钴基催化剂, 其具有低甲烷选择性、高重质烃选择性和良好稳定性的特点. 目前, 对 I 型催化剂完成了实验室稳定性验证并实现了工业示范; 对 II 型催化剂 (甲烷选择性约 2%~3%) 完成了稳定性验证.     

茂金属催化丙烯间规聚合的研究进展

间规聚丙烯的结构独特新颖,具有良好的透明性、透气性以及耐辐射性等性能。由间规聚丙烯制成的共混材料,在医疗产品、包装和汽车配件等方面具有巨大的潜在用途。要得到性能优异的商品化间规聚丙烯,就需要在催化剂的选择性、催化剂负载化和聚合工艺等方面做深入研究。本文综述了间规选择性茂金属催化剂及其聚丙烯产品的研发进展,着重介绍了间规选择性茂金属催化剂的发展及其影响催化性能的因素,同时涉及间规聚丙烯的生产工艺以及间规聚丙烯产品的加工应用等方面。     

The Development and Use of New Hydrogenation Catalysts1

Advantages and drawbacks of commercial catalysts for gas-phase hydrogenation are considered. The use of modified catalysts, including nickel catalysts modified with heteropoly compounds, is promising. Data on the selective reduction of carbonyl compounds and hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons over these catalysts are presented. Palladium films are shown to be the best catalysts for the selective reduction of acetylene compounds to olefins.     

高活性、高抗毒性的甲酸燃料电池阳极催化剂

甲酸燃料电池是一种近年发展起来的新型燃料电池,具有极好的商业化前景,但其发展受到很多因素的制约,其中阳极催化剂是影响其性能的关键因素。本文从催化剂的制备方法、催化剂载体和掺杂其他元素等方面介绍了近年来国内外在提高催化剂的活性和抗毒性方面所做的重要研究工作。具体包括:电沉积法、有机溶胶法等重要制备方法,碳纳米管、石墨烯和复合材料作为催化剂载体的研究以及通过掺杂其他元素制备合金催化剂和复合催化剂来提高催化剂活性和抗毒性的相关研究工作。本文还对甲酸燃料电池的发展做了展望。     

Early Main Group Metal Catalysts for Imine Hydrosilylation

The efficient catalytic reduction of imines with phenylsilane is achieved by using the potassium, calcium and strontium based catalysts [(DMAT)K (THF)]_∞, (DMAT)₂Ca⋅(THF)₂ and (DMAT)₂Sr⋅(THF)₂ (DMAT=2-dimethylamino-α-trimethylsilylbenzyl). Eight different aldimines and the ketimine Ph₂C=NPh could be successfully reduced by PhSiH₃ at temperatures between 25–60 °C with catalyst loadings down to 2.5 mol %. Also, simple amides like KN(SiMe₃)₂ or Ae[N(SiMe₃)₂]₂ (Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba) catalyze this reaction. Activities increase with metal size. For most substrates the activity increases along the row K<Ca<Sr<Ba. Fastest conversion was found for imines with alkyl substituents at N and aryl rings at C, for example, PhC(H)=NtBu, while tBuC(H)=NtBu or PhC(H)=NPh react much slower. Reasonable functional group tolerance is observed. The proposed metal hydride mechanism is supported by stoichiometric reactions using a catalyst model system, isolation of intermediates and DFT calculations.     

柴油车氧化催化剂的研制

通过添加稀土、过渡金属、碱土金属等开发了Pt/Mn-Zr基复合氧化物催化剂, 与传统Pt/Al2O3氧化催化剂相比, 提高了对CO, HC和PM的氧化性能, 制备出的Pt/Mn-Zr-A-O/γ-Al2O3(A＝La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Y, Ca, Mg, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Pd, Cu)结构的陶瓷蜂窝状催化剂安装在国产柴油车上达到GB 18352.2-2001标准(等同于欧洲II号排放标准)要求, 该产品现已批量投入市场.     

固体碱催化剂

综述了最近30年来固体碱催化剂的研究现状，包括固体碱催化剂的种类、优缺点以及各类催化剂中影响其催化性能的因素。重点探讨了碱性前驱体和载体对负载型无机固化碱碱强度的影响，展望了未来固体碱剂的发展方向。     

基团转移聚合新进展

评述了近几年来基团转移聚合在聚合单体、引发剂、催化剂、聚合实施方法及应用等方面的新进展，阐明了基团转移聚合技术在各种特定结构高分子合成中所起的重要作用。     

烯烃聚合均相催化剂研究进展

均相催化剂产生于５０年代末期，但由于活性很低而末引起重视。８０年代初，由于发现ＭＡＯ具有良好的助催化能力而使均相催化剂得到了很大发展，涌现了多种催化体系，广泛地使α－烯烃及其衍生物立体选择性聚合，开辟了配位聚合研究的新领域，本文对均相催化剂的产生，发展及现状作了综述评述。     

Transition‐Metal Nitride Core@Noble‐Metal Shell Nanoparticles as Highly CO Tolerant Catalysts

Core–shell architectures offer an effective way to tune and enhance the properties of noble‐metal catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of Pt shell on titanium tungsten nitride core nanoparticles (Pt/TiWN) by high temperature ammonia nitridation of a parent core–shell carbide material (Pt/TiWC). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed significant core‐level shifts for Pt shells supported on TiWN cores, corresponding to increased stabilization of the Pt valence d‐states. The modulation of the electronic structure of the Pt shell by the nitride core translated into enhanced CO tolerance during hydrogen electrooxidation in the presence of CO. The ability to control shell coverage and vary the heterometallic composition of the shell and nitride core opens up attractive opportunities to synthesize a broad range of new materials with tunable catalytic properties.     

甲醇催化分解研究进展

出于对环境和能源的双重考虑,甲醇催化分解过程越来越受到重视。研究者们进行了大量的研究并取得了显著的进展。本文简要概括该催化过程的研究和进展、存在问题及其发展方向。参考文献56篇。     

Preparation and Catalytic Application of Novel Water Tolerant Solid Acid Catalysts of Zirconium Sulfate/HZSM-5

Esterification of acrylic acid(AA) to produce AA esters has widespread application in the chemical industry. A series of water tolerant solid acid catalysts was prepared, and characterized by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, TGA-DTA, XPS, and ammonia adsorption FTIR. The effects of Si/Al ratio, zirconium sulfate(ZS) loading on HZSM-5 and calcination temperature on the esterification were investigated. When 20%(mass fraction) ZS is loaded on HZSM-5, the conversion of AA reaches 100%. XRD analysis indicates that ZS is highly dispersed on HZSM-5 because no crystalline structure assigned to ZS is found. Catalytic activity and hydrophobicity of ZS supported on HZSM-5 are higher compared with those of parent ZS or HZSM-5. Results show that this kind of novel catalysts is an efficient water tolerant solid acid catalyst for esterification reactions.