10 mL单标线刻度吸管检定结果的不确定度评定

分析了10 mL单标线刻度吸管进行容量检定时测量不确定度的主要来源,对各不确定度分量进行了分析和量化,得出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度结果分别为0.00068 mL和0.001 5 mL.     

吸管的正确使用

在化验室仪器的计量检定过程中,我们发现不少单位使用吸管的方法不得当,其主要原因是对吸管的分类不明确。吸管分为单标线吸管(大肚吸管)和分度吸管(刻度吸管)两大类。其中分度吸管又分为完全流出式、不完全流出式和吹出式。完全流出式又分为快流速式和慢流速式。以下介绍不同吸管的使用方法。     

称量和吸量操作中数据有效数字的讨论

理化检验中,通常要用天平和架盘天平称量物质,用玻璃量器吸量液体,并根据其精度,用有效数字准确记录下来。本文将对称量和吸量操作中数据有效数字进行探讨。 1 有效数字新见解 有效数字,是指在理化检验中,实际上能测定到的数字。它是可靠数字和可疑数字的总称。它的位数包括从左端非零数字开始的所有位数,除末尾一位是可疑外,其他各位都是准确的。通常把一般测量数据理解为在可疑数字上有±1或其下一位上有±5的误差。但由于所用天平、架盘天平和玻璃量器的允许误差在末     

GPC-MALLS技术测定PAMMO的分子量及分子量分布

采用GPC-多角度激光散射联用技术对PAMMO的分子量及分子量分布进行测定,介绍了方法的测试原理及实验步骤.对实验影响因素如dn/dc、浓度、流速进行了讨论,并对谱图进行了分析.结果表明,dn/dc值为0.0929,浓度为20～60mg/mL,流速为1mL/min,以示差峰的出峰时间和激光峰的收峰时间确定有效峰的条件下,实验获得满意结果.     

鸡蛋中泰妙菌素化学发光酶免疫分析方法研究

针对鸡蛋中泰妙菌素的残留问题,通过半抗原及抗原设计合成、动物免疫及细胞融合筛选,成功得到可特异、灵敏识别泰妙菌素的单克隆抗体,并建立了泰妙菌素的化学发光酶免疫分析方法(CLEIA).采用棋盘法结合单因素实验优化策略,确定最佳反应条件为:包被原质量浓度0.26μg/mL,抗体质量浓度0.94μg/mL,反应体系为0.02...     

统计学在理化检验中的应用第八讲有效数字计算与测量结果的表示

1　有效数字计算记载一个数 ,要求除末位数字有一个单位的误差或其下一位有误差不超过± 5外 ,前面的其它数字都是准确的。即从第一个不为零的数开始至末位数字称为有效数字。例如用万分之一的天平所称得的某样品重 5.2 1 0 3g,其中 5.2 1 0 g都是从所加的砝码标值直接读得的 ,而最后一位数字“3”则是从天平刻度上估计得到的 ,不同的观察者或同一观察者在不同时间 ,它可能被读成“4”或读成“2”,因此最后这位数字“3”是一个可疑数字 ,故 5.2 1 0 3g为五位有效数字。当用千分之一的天平称量该样品时 ,称量结果只能给出四位有效数字。如果…     

EDTA滴定法测定萤石中氟化钙含量的方法改进

建立了EDTA滴定法测定矿石中氟化钙的方法。引入了钙乙酸为溶解试样的溶剂,溶解样品中的碳酸钙,同时,通过同离子效应减少氟化钙的溶解度。实验中探究了钙离子的浓度与氟化钙溶解度的关系,通过对比实验确定选择了含钙乙酸的最佳浓度(10g/L)。同时,对实验中的其他条件也进行了相应的探究与优化,确定最佳实验条件为:最小称样量为0.5g,洗涤沉淀用水量为50mL左右,第二次过滤时的洗涤次数为8～10次,滴定时加入氢氧化钾的量为20mL。方法的精密度(0.10%)和准确度(0.08%)皆能满足实验要求。     

响应面法优化石榴叶多酚闪式提取的工艺研究

为建立快捷、高效、绿色的石榴叶多酚的提取工艺,通过单因素实验确定其主要影响因素,在单因素实验的基础上利用响应面法进行分析,确定提取石榴叶多酚的最佳提取条件为:乙醇浓度58%、料液比1∶9 (g/mL),提取时间4 min,在此条件下石榴叶多酚的理论提取量为:29.37 g GAE/100 g,实际提取量为:29.12 g GAE/100 g.     

EDTA滴定法测定萤石中氟化钙含量的方法改进

建立了EDTA滴定法测定矿石中氟化钙的方法。引入了钙乙酸为溶解试样的溶剂,溶解样品中的碳酸钙,同时,通过同离子效应减少氟化钙的溶解度。实验中探究了钙离子的浓度与氟化钙溶解度的关系,通过对比实验确定选择了含钙乙酸的最佳浓度(10g/L)。同时,对实验中的其他条件也进行了相应的探究与优化,确定最佳实验条件为:最小称样量为0.5g,洗涤沉淀用水量为50mL左右,第二次过滤时的洗涤次数为8～10次,滴定时加入氢氧化钾的量为20mL。方法的精密度(0.10%)和准确度(0.08%)皆能满足实验要求。     

气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法分析中不确定度的评定

气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法在标准曲线的绘制、标准样品的使用、测定结果的输出等方面极为相似,因而,评定其分析不确定度时具有相同的数学模型,且各不确定度分项的评定可以采用相似的评定方法。本文参照有关文献[15],以高效液相色谱法测定胺苯磺隆为例,对其不确定度的评定进行了讨论。1　主要仪器、试剂和实验方法　　HPLC1100型高效液相色谱仪,进样定量环(20μL,不确定度1%);电子分析天平。容量瓶:A级,100×(1±2×10-3)mL,50×(1±2×10-3)mL;刻度移液管:分度值0 01mL;胺苯磺隆标样:质量分数w为99 0%,标准偏差S为0 01%(n=5)。　…     

锅炉水总碱度测量不确定度的评估

对锅炉水中总碱度测量不确定度的来源进行分析,评定了总碱度测定过程中测量重复性、天平、标准物质纯度、滴定管和移液管等因素对总碱度测量不确定度的影响,计算得到炉水水样总碱度为26．00mmol／L时,扩展不确定度为0．12mmol／L。在总碱度的测量过程中,滴定管和移液管的准确度是影响总碱度测量不确定度的主要因素。     

Pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced molybdenum disulfide nanosheets as an efficient adsorbent for the extraction of sulfonamides in environmental water samples

Surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide enhanced molybdenum disulfide was used as an adsorbent in pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction for the pretreatment of sulfonamides in environmental water samples. The factors affecting the extraction recoveries of the analytes, including the sample pH value, amount of sorbent, type and volume of eluent solution, and salt concentration were optimized. This pipette‐tip solid‐phase extraction method demonstrated good linearity (0.05–10.0 µg/L) with a coefficient of determination of 0.9984–0.9996, limit of detection (0.2–0.4 ng/L) and limit of quantitation (0.5–1.0 ng/L), good analyte recoveries (76–91), and acceptable limit of quantitation (<10%) under the optimized conditions. These results indicated that the proposed method was a good tool for monitoring sulfonamides in environmental water samples.     

柠檬酸含量测量不确定度的评定

分析了测定柠檬酸含量测量不确定度的来源,评定了柠檬酸含量测定过程中测量重复性、天平、滴定管、标准溶液浓度等因素对柠檬酸含量测量不确定度的影响,计算得柠檬酸含量测定结果的扩展不确定度为0．36％。在柠檬酸含量的测定过程中,滴定管的准确度是影响柠檬酸含量测量不确定度的主要因素。     

比对法在计量标准考核验证中的应用探讨

为探讨比对法在计量标准考核验证中的可行性,将5家实验室分别对同一分度吸量管的检定结果进行比对,同时采用具有溯源性的传递比较法进一步验证比对法的可靠性。验证结果显示,采用比对法和传递比较法对被考核实验室的验证结果一致,说明采用比对法对检定结果的验证是有效的、可行的。     

Materialersparnis,zeitgewinn und erhöhte genauigkeit in der massanalyse durch “umkehrtitrationen”

If, in volumetric analysis, the solution, as well as the reagent, is measured by means of a burette (replacing the usual pipette), we are able, after reaching the first end-point, to add a small quantity of either solution, substance or reagent, to titrate for a second end-point and to repeat these operations as many times as are necessary to obtain an average value with the desired accuracy, which 'can be very high. The economy, both in tbc amount of solution required and time, is considerable. The procedure is very useful in theoretical .studies on controversial volumetric reactions and in calibrating burettes.     

复混肥料中氯离子含量测量不确定度的评定

对硫氰酸铵滴定法测定复混肥料中氯离子含量的测量不确定度进行了评定。分析了测量重复性、滴定管、标准溶液浓度等因素对氯离子含量测量不确定度的影响。计算得复混肥料中氯离子含量测定结果的扩展不确定度为0．049％。     

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) and analytical chemistry

On the occasion of Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac's 200th anniversary, after a short comprehensive review of his scientific activities and his life, his achievements in the field of analytical chemistry are discussed. Gay-Lussac extensively studied the reaction of hydrogen sulphide with different metals and consequently may be considered the founder of classical qualitative analysis. He developed titrimetry into a scientific method. He designed the first burette that became widespread in use. The terms burette and pipette were created by him. The combustion apparatus designed by him together with Thénard was the starting point for organic elemental carbon-hydrogen analysis.     

磷矿及磷肥中氧化钙测定方法改进

为了解决磷矿及磷肥中氧化钙酸溶不完全和消除测定过程中磷酸根、镁、铁等的干扰,对磷矿和磷肥中氧化钙的测定方法进行改进.对不同酸溶解体系选择、酸用量、加热时间、干扰掩蔽实验、pH值等条件进行实验,确定采用10 mL王水、3 mL氢氟酸分解试样,加入2 mL盐酸溶解盐类,加入10 mL糊精和5 mL三乙醇胺溶液掩蔽Mg2+、...     

Effect of sensitizer protonation on singlet oxygen production in aqueous and nonaqueous media

The yield of singlet molecular oxygen, O2(a(1)Delta(g)), produced in a photosensitized process can be very susceptible to environmental perturbations. In the present study, protonation of photosensitizers whose chromophores contain amine functional groups is shown to adversely affect the singlet oxygen yield. Specifically, for bis(amino) phenylene vinylenes dissolved both in water and in toluene, addition of a protic acid to the solution alters properties of the system that, in turn, result in a decrease in the efficiency of singlet oxygen production. In light of previous studies on other molecules where protonation-dependent changes in the yield of photosensitized singlet oxygen production have been ascribed to changes in the quantum yield of the sensitizer triplet state, Phi(T), and to possible changes in the triplet state energy, E(T), our results demonstrate that this photosystem can respond to protonation in other ways. Although protonation-dependent changes in the amount of charge-transfer character in the sensitizer-oxygen complex may influence the singlet oxygen yield, it is likely that other processes also play a role. These include (a) protonation-dependent changes in sensitizer aggregation and (b) nonradiative channels for sensitizer deactivation that are enhanced as a consequence of the reversible protonation/deprotonation of the chromophore. The data obtained, although complicated, are relevant for understanding and ultimately controlling the behavior of photosensitizers in systems with microheterogeneous domains that have appreciable pH gradients. These data are particularly important given the use of such bi-basic chromophores as two-photon singlet oxygen sensitizers, with applications in spatially resolved singlet oxygen experiments (e.g., imaging experiments).