焙烧温度对Pd-Cu/凹凸棒土CO常温催化氧化性能的影响

以凹凸棒土(APT)作载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pd-Cu/APT催化剂,以CO氧化为探针反应,在连续流动微反装置上,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂CO常温催化氧化性能的影响。通过N2-物理吸附、XRD、TG、FT-IR和H2-TPR等手段对催化剂的结构和性质进行了表征。结果表明,随焙烧温度升高,Pd-Cu/APT中载体逐步脱水,进而引起催化剂结构和织构变化,其中,Cu物种由Cu(OH)Cl逐渐向CuO转变,同时,高分散的Pd物种与Cu物种间相互作用先增强后减弱。经300℃焙烧的催化剂比表面积大,Cu物种以Cu(OH)Cl形式存在,且具有良好的分散状态,与Pd物种之间产生较强的相互作用,显著提高了其还原性能。在空速6 000 h-1、CO体积分数0.5%、水蒸气体积分数3.3%的反应条件下,常温可将CO完全转化800 min以上。焙烧温度高于或低于300℃均引起CO常温催化氧化性能的下降。     

氧化态Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂的结构与反应性能研究Ⅰ. 活性及体相、表相结构表征

采用等量浸渍法, 制得500、 600、 750和950 ℃焙烧的Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂; 考察了它们对CO氧化和乙烯选择还原NO的反应性能; 用XRD和XPS方法表征了催化剂的体相与表相结构. 活性测试结果表明, 随焙烧温度升高, 样品对CO的氧化活性呈下降趋势; 对乙烯选择还原NO反应, 活性先上升, 而后又有所下降(当焙烧温度高于750 ℃时). 从硝酸钴制得的样品, 其氧化活性要高于从醋酸钴制得的样品, 但对乙烯选择还原NO, 后者的活性更好. 结构表征结果表明, 催化剂中钴物种的存在形式与原料盐类及焙烧温度密切相关. 在Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂中主要存在两种钴相, 即Co3O4和非化学计量的CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相, 前者为完全氧化活性中心, 后者是NO选择还原的活性中心. 在相同焙烧温度下, 以醋酸钴为原料时, 更容易形成CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相. 随着焙烧温度提高, 活性组分与载体的相互作用加强, Co3O4相逐步向CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相转化, 这可能是样品氧化活性下降和选择还原活性升高的主要原因. 在更高焙烧温度下, 随着CoxAl(8/3-2x/3)O4尖晶石相颗粒度的增加和晶形改变, 以及钴离子由表相向体相的迁移, 使样品比表面积下降, 表面氧空位及活性位减少, 从而导致样品对乙烯选择还原NO的活性下降.     

氧化态Co/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的结构与反应性能研Ⅰ.活性及体相、表相结构表征

采用等量浸渍法 ,制得 5 0 0、 6 0 0、 75 0和 95 0℃焙烧的 Co/ γ- Al2 O3催化剂 ;考察了它们对 CO氧化和乙烯选择还原 NO的反应性能 ;用 XRD和 XPS方法表征了催化剂的体相与表相结构 .活性测试结果表明 ,随焙烧温度升高 ,样品对 CO的氧化活性呈下降趋势 ;对乙烯选择还原 NO反应 ,活性先上升 ,而后又有所下降 (当焙烧温度高于 75 0℃时 ) .从硝酸钴制得的样品 ,其氧化活性要高于从醋酸钴制得的样品 ,但对乙烯选择还原 NO,后者的活性更好 .结构表征结果表明 ,催化剂中钴物种的存在形式与原料盐类及焙烧温度密切相关 .在 Co/ γ- Al2 O3催化剂中主要存在两种钴相 ,即 Co3O4和非化学计量的 Cox Al( 8/ 3- 2 x/ 3) O4尖晶石相 ,前者为完全氧化活性中心 ,后者是 NO选择还原的活性中心 .在相同焙烧温度下 ,以醋酸钴为原料时 ,更容易形成 Cox Al( 8/ 3- 2 x/ 3) O4尖晶石相 .随着焙烧温度提高 ,活性组分与载体的相互作用加强 ,Co3O4相逐步向 Cox Al( 8/ 3- 2 x / 3) O4尖晶石相转化 ,这可能是样品氧化活性下降和选择还原活性升高的主要原因 .在更高焙烧温度下 ,随着 Cox Al( 8/ 3- 2 x / 3) O4尖晶石相颗粒度的增加和晶形改变 ,以及钴离子由表相向体相的迁移 ,使样品比表面积下降 ,表面氧空位及活性位减少 ,     

制备方法及焙烧温度对Co3O4/CeO2催化剂上CO低温氧化反应的影响

 分别采用沉淀氧化法、均匀沉淀法及络合燃烧法制备了Co3O4/CeO2复合氧化物催化剂,并在干燥及湿气条件下进行了CO氧化反应. 结果表明,采用沉淀氧化法经538 K焙烧制得的Co3O4/CeO2催化剂具有优异的CO低温氧化活性和较高的抗湿性能. 在196 K条件下,该催化剂上CO氧化的转化率为99%, 并且可连续保持400 min以上; 当温度上升到298 K时,经过 2400 min反应后, CO的转化率仍可达到94%; 当反应气中含3.1%湿气,温度为383 K时,经过2400 min反应后, CO的转化率仍保持在79%. 实验表明, Co3O4/CeO2催化剂的制备方法及焙烧温度对Co3O4与CeO2之间的相互作用有显著的影响,进而影响催化剂催化CO低温氧化的活性.     

Co/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO氧化反应的研究

以浸渍法与沉积沉淀法制备了不同Co负载量的Co／γ-Al2O3催化剂，研究了对CO的催化氧化行为,考察了Co含量，焙烧温度，反应温度等对催化剂氧化性能的影响，结果表明，沉积沉淀法制备400℃焙烧的负载量为10％的Co／γ-Al2O3在90℃就能够实现CO完全氧化，且热稳定性比浸渍法制得催化剂好．本文还采用XRD、TPR、XPS等技术，分别研究了Co／γ-Al2O3样品的晶相结构，还原性能及表面化学状态.XRD结果表明，以硝酸盐为前驱物的Co负载于γ-Al2O3后，Co主要以Co3O4结构存在，反应的活性相Co3O4的生成有利于CO催化氧化，且以不同制备方法得到的样品中Co3O4晶粒大小不同，催化活性也不同．TPR结果表明，以沉积沉淀法制备催化剂的还原峰向低温移动，CoOx的还原更加容易．XPS表面分析表明沉淀法制备的Co／γ-Al2O3样品中，Co3O4在载体表面富集．     

介孔CeO2负载的Co3O4催化剂催化富氢气体中的CO优先氧化反应

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出介孔氧化铈(meso-CeO2)及其负载的氧化钴(Co3O4/meso-CeO2)催化剂,并将其应用于富氢气体中CO的优先氧化反应.通过N2物理吸附及X射线衍射表征考察了meso-CeO2和Co3O4/meso-CeO2的结构性质.活性评价结果表明,在高空速下,Co3O4/meso-CeO2催化剂上的CO优先氧化性能很好,但水和CO2对CO的氧化有一定的负作用.Co3O4/meso-CeO2催化剂的CO完全氧化温度窗口远大于沉淀法制备CeO2负载的氧化钴催化剂.     

富氢气体中CO优选氧化反应: Au与载体相互作用的影响

以Fe2O3,Co3O4,ZrO2和ZrO2-CeO2为载体,研究了负载型Au催化剂在CO优选氧化反应中的性能,并用高分辨透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射和X射线光电子能谱等技术对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Au与载体之间的相互作用对Au电子性质的影响.结果表明,在60℃以下,Au/Fe2O3上CO能被完全氧化,且CO氧化反应选择性约为50%,而在Au/Co3O4,Au/ZrO2和Au/ZrO2-CeO2催化剂上,CO在更低的温度下才能被完全氧化.这是由于具有拉电子效应的载体(如Fe2O3和Co3O4)能使Au带有部分正电荷,从而对CO优选氧化反应具有较高的催化活性.因此,选择合适的载体或对载体进行掺杂改性,调节Au的正电荷数目,有可能进一步提高Au催化剂的催化活性.     

Redox property of Co3O4/CeO2 and the effect of reaction conditions on its performance in CO oxidation

采用沉淀氧化法制备了Co3O4/CeO2催化剂.运用XRD、BET和TPR表征手段,考察了不同钴铈比及焙烧温度对钴铈复合氧化物物理及化学性能的影响,并分别在干、湿条件下进行了一氧化碳氧化反应研究.结果表明,与纯的Co3O4相比,在不同比例的Co3O4/CeO2均经723 K焙烧的各种催化剂中,钴铈原子比为9∶1的复合氧化物粒径较小,比表面积较大,说明适当比例铈的添加能使Co3O4具有较小的粒径.此氧化物经538 K温度焙烧制得的钻铈比为9∶1的复合氧化物中Co3O4平均粒径为7.2nm,BET比表面积为167.6 m2/g.经TPR考察发现其具有最优的氧化还原性能.     

固相法制备纳米Co3O4催化剂及其催化甲苯完全氧化性能

采用环境友好的固相法制备了高活性甲苯氧化Co3O4催化剂,通过与传统沉淀法和柠檬酸络合-燃烧法制备的Co3O4催化剂比较,固相合成法制备的Co3O4-SR催化剂在催化甲苯完全氧化反应中表现了很好的活性和稳定性,甲苯转化率为95%时的反应温度T95为230℃,反应60 h活性没有下降.通过XRD,Raman,FT-IR,XPS等手段对Co3O4催化剂的结构和表面性能进行了表征,结果表明固相法制备的Co3O4催化剂具有较多的表面缺陷,催化剂表面Co—O键较弱,具有较强的活化氧的能力,表现出突出的甲苯完全氧化的催化活性.     

不同沉淀剂对Co3O4催化剂催化分解N2O活性的影响

采用了不同沉淀剂（K2 CO3、Na2 CO3、NaOH、NaHCO3）制备了一系列 Co3 O4氧化物催化剂。通过 XRD、XPS、BET、H2-TPR、O2-TPD 表征手段,探究了催化剂物相结构和氧化还原性能对 N2 O 催化分解性能的影响。研究表明,以 K2 CO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3 O4催化剂具有优越的氧化还原性能。此外,较低结晶度有助于提高催化剂的催化性能,催化剂表面物种与其沉淀剂相关：丰富的表面 Co 物种促进催化活性,较多氧空位有利于催化剂表面的电子传递和氧气的脱附。以 K2 CO3为沉淀剂制备的 Co3 O4催化剂表现出最佳的 N2 O 催化分解活性,在450℃达到90％以上的转化率。     

Temperature Calibration of TMAs Using Modulated Temperature and Curie Temperature Reference Standards

This article presents the concept of calibrating temperature in thermomechanical analyzers (TMA) using reference standard magnetic materials whose Curie temperatures are well-known. This concept has not been tested experimentally to the best of the author's knowledge. Electrical current applied to a unifilarly wound furnace results in the furnace acting as an electrical inductor. A magnetic material sample located within such a furnace practically constitutes a solenoid core. A modulated temperature program directly results in a corresponding varying force exerted by the sample against the TMA probe, if the probe's axis and the central induced magnetic field line of force are coaxial, and, furthermore, if the direction of the central magnetic field line of force and the expansion direction of the probe are identical. If a sample undergoes a Curie transition, then the force which the sample exerts against the probe will diminish to zero as the transition goes to completion. Using a modulated temperature program throughout this phase transition allows determination of transition completion, by observation of the point at which the force required to maintain the sample's physical position reaches a steady state from it's previously non-steady state. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

毛细管电泳中的温度效应和温度梯度技术

对毛细管电泳中的温度效应及温度梯度的应用作了较为详尽的论述,５１篇。     

Experimental Considerations for Temperature Modulated DSC at Low Temperature

Temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC) at low temperatures requires attention to the selection of experimental parameters that are within the capability of the instrumentation as well as special care in calibration of heat capacity measurement when high precision is required. Data are presented to facilitate selection of appropriate modulation periods and amplitudes at low temperature when using a mechanical cooling accessory. The standard error of the mean heat capacity measurement for a sapphire standard increased with decreasing temperature, decreasing period, and increasing pan mass. For ice in hermetically sealed pans, the standard error of the mean heat capacity measurement was larger than for sapphire and did not follow a predictable trend with changes in temperature and period of modulation. This was attributed to changes in sample geometry between successive measurements due to melting and resolidification. A simple one-point temperature calibration by TMDSC may be unsuitable for precise measurement of heat capacity because of the random error caused by sample placement and the systematic error caused by cell asymmetry, temperature dependence of the calibration constant, and different sample thermal conductivities. An alternative calibration procedure using standard DSC and either a linear or second order fit of the calibration constant over the temperature range of interest is proposed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Temperature Oscillating mini-calorimeter

A small scale (100 mL) calorimeter is developed. It includes a glass vessel submerged in a thermostatic bath, a compensation electrical heater, and a control system. The typical operation mode consists on introducing the solvents and part of the reactants into the vessel, to stabilise a temperature of the bath (T _j) some degrees below the desired process temperature (T _p) and to adjust the reaction mass temperature (T _r) to T _p using the electrical heater. An oscillating set point is established for Tr, which produces an oscillating response of the applied compensation power (Q _c). Finally, the rest of reactants are dosed to the vessel. A small deviation of T _r and T _p is observed. Even though it can be avoided improving the tuning of the controller, it can be useful for enhancing the calculation of the heat capacity of the reaction mixture (C _P). The signals of T _r, Q _c and T _j are processed on-line using the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method as the mathematical tool used to analyse the data obtained, producing accurate values of the heat evolved (Q _c) by the process, the heat transfer coefficient (UA), and the heat capacity of the reaction mixture (C _P). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

一类新的流体室温磷光法——无保护介质流体室温磷光

一类新的流体室温磷光法——无保护介质流体室温磷光李隆弟赵瑜童爱军（清华大学化学系北京１０００８４）李隆弟男，５９岁，教授，从事光致发光、分子识别等领域研究及分析化学教学工作。国家自然科学基金资助项目１９９７－０６－２６收稿前文［１，２］曾报道仅以Ｎａ...     

随温度变化的"变色龙"

按组成和性质将示温涂料分为3类,让中学生了解示温涂料的用途,认识其核心物质-热致变色材料变色的原理。     

Minimizing Temperature Bias through Reliable Temperature Determination in Gas-Solid Photothermal Catalytic Reactions

Enormous advances in photothermal catalysis have been made over the years, whereas the temperature assessment still remains controversial in the majority of photothermal catalytic systems. Herein, we methodically uncovered the phenomenon of temperature determination bias arising from prominent temperature differences in gas-solid photothermal catalytic systems, which extensively existed yet has been overlooked in most relevant cases. To avoid the interference of temperature bias, we developed a universal protocol for reliable temperature evaluation of gas-solid photothermal catalytic reactions, with emphasis on eliminating the temperature gradient and temperature fluctuation of catalyst layer via optimizing the reaction system. This work presents a functional and credible practice for temperature detection, calling attention to addressing the effects of temperature differences, and reassessing the actual temperature-based performances in gas-solid photothermal catalysis.     

Temperature cycle induced deracemization

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Temperature measurement and control

Several factors in temperature measurement that can affect the precision of melting points and phase-change phenomena are discussed. In many cases, critical errors may arise in the measurement and control of temperatures due to incorrect placement and/or interpretation of the output of temperature sensors in the various system types that are in current use. Advantages can be obtained by using one temperature sensor only for temperature measurement and temperature control in a low mass infrared gold image fumace for the analytical studies in both the constant rate and stepwise isothermal thermoanalytical heating and cooling modes. Illustrations of the use of this instrumentation for measurements in both modes are given.