熔融浸渍法合成单晶锰酸锂作为锂离子电池阴极材料(英文)

以二氧化锰和氢氧化锂为原料,通过熔融浸渍法合成具有尖晶石构型的单晶锰酸锂。前驱体β-MnO2以乙酸锰和过硫酸钠为原料通过水热反应合成。基于TGA/DTA测试,确定了单晶锰酸锂的煅烧温度为470℃预烧5 h,再升温至750℃保温12h。XRD,FTIR和SEM结果表明,合成的单晶锰酸锂具有均一的棒状结构以及良好的结晶性。电化学性能测试结果表明材料在0.1C倍率下充放电时,其首次放电比容量可达126 mAh·g-1,且在一百次循环之后容量保持率为91%。     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.75-xCoxMn0.25O2的合成及电化学性能研究

以LiOH·H₂O、Ni(OAc)₂·4H₂O、Co(OAc)₂·4H₂O和MnO₂为原料，在水热反应釜中预处理，然后进行高温固相反应，合成了一系列锂镍钴锰氧化物LiNi_0.75-xCo_xMn_0.25O₂(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和电化学性能测试对所得样品的结构、形貌、粒径及电化学性能进行了表征。结果表明，当x=0.20时，所合成的正极材料具有很好的α-NaFeO₂型层状晶体结构，晶胞参数a=0.286 1 nm，c=1.416 4 nm， V=0.100 4 nm³，以50 mA·g^-1的电流密度在3～4.3 V(vs Li/Li⁺)充放电时，首次放电比容量达172.5 mAh·g^-1，首次放电效率高达90.9%，30个循环后其放电比容量依然保持在161.1 mAh·g^-1。     

二价与四价金属离子等摩尔共掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiMn1.9Mg0.05Ti0.05O4的制备与表征

以氢氧化锂、乙酸锰、硝酸镁和钛酸丁酯为原料, 以柠檬酸为螯合剂, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂的尖晶石型锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_1.9Mg_0.05Ti_0.05O₄. 采用热重分析(TGA), X射线衍射(XRD), 扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学性能测试(包括循环伏安(CV)和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试)对所得样品的结构、形貌及电化学性能进行了表征. 结果表明: 780℃下煅烧12 h 得到了颗粒均匀细小的尖晶石型结构的LiMn_1.9Mg_0.05Ti_0.05O₄材料, 该材料具有良好的电化学性能, 在室温下以0.5C倍率充放电, 在4.35-3.30 V电位范围内放电比容量达到126.8 mAh·g^-1, 循环50 次后放电比容量仍为118.5mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率为93.5%. 在55℃高温下循环30次后的放电比容量为111.9 mAh·g^-1, 容量保持率达到91.9%, 远远高于未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄的容量保存率. 二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂LiMn₂O₄, 改善了尖晶石锰酸锂的电子导电和离子导电性能, 使其倍率性能和高温性能都得到了明显的提高.     

球形尖晶石LiMn2O4掺杂钇的性能研究

利用控制结晶方法, 在前驱体碳酸锰中共沉淀掺杂适量的钇, 得到球形掺杂钇的碳酸锰, 在540 ℃预烧后, 与锂盐一起焙烧, 可以得到高活性的掺钇球形尖晶石LiMn₂O₄. XRD分析表明, 产物中无杂相产生. 研究表明, 掺杂钇与掺杂其它金属离子的特性不一样, 钇具有催化特性, 掺杂钇可以提高尖晶石LiMn₂O₄中锰的活性. 掺钇使得更多的Mn^3＋参加电化学反应, 增加容量; 但同时也使更多的锰与电解液反应, 造成锰的溶解, 容量损失. 掺钇量越多, 锰的溶解量越大. 因此, 合适的掺杂量对于保证产品良好的电化学性能至关重要. 实验证明, 掺钇0.5%的产品Li(Y_0.005Mn_0.995)₂O₄具有较好的电化学性能. 其常温初始比容量为130 mAh•g^－1, 大于纯相的锰酸锂的125 mAh•g^－1, 100次循环后比容量为120 mAh•g^－1, 容量保持率为92.3%.     

流变相法合成LiNi0.85Co0.15O2的结构与电化学性能

以一种新型的软化学方法——流变相法, 成功地合成了锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_0.85Co_0.15O₂. 将在600～850 ℃氧气氛下处理6 h后得到的LiNi_1－yCo_yO₂ (y＝0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25), 进行X射线粉末衍射(XRD)与电化学测试. 测试结果表明, 流变相前体经过800 ℃烧结后合成的LiNi_0.85Co_0.15O₂晶胞参数a＝0.2866 nm, c＝1.4193 nm及晶胞体积V＝0.1010 nm³, 以0.1 C倍率在3.0～4.3 V (vs. Li^＋/Li)放电时, 首次放电容量可以达到198.2 mAh/g, 20次循环后, 其放电容量仍在174 mAh/g以上.     

正极材料LiAl0.08Mn1.92O4单晶颗粒形貌演变及电化学性能

联合元素掺杂和形貌调控策略,采用固相燃烧法和不同焙烧温度处理合成LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄正极材料。实验结果表明,Al掺杂和焙烧温度的变化未改变LiMn₂O₄的相结构,随着温度的升高结晶性增强,颗粒尺寸增大,其中焙烧温度650 ℃是形成截断八面体单晶颗粒形貌的关键点温度,750 ℃是颗粒突然变大的突变温度。650 ℃优化焙烧温度下焙烧的LiAl_0.08Mn_1.92O₄形成了较完整的包含(111)、(110)和(100)晶面的截断八面体单晶颗粒形貌,表现出优良的电化学和动力学性能。在1C下其首次放电比容量为 112.0 mAh·g^-1,循环 500 次后容量保持率为 72.9%,在 5C 和 10C 倍率下,其首次放电比容量可达到 107.1 和 100.4mAh·g^-1,经 2 000次长循环后,容量保持率为 52.2% 和 53.5%。并且具有最小氧化还原峰电位差(ΔE_p2,循环前后分别为 0.109和 0.114 V)、最小电荷转移电阻(R_ct,循环前后分别 106.49和 125.49 Ω)及较大的锂离子扩散系数(D_Li⁺ =1.72×10^-16 cm²·s^-1),表现出较好的电化学可逆性和较快的锂离子扩散速率。Al掺杂和单晶截断八面体颗粒形貌既有效抑制了LiMn₂O₄的Jahn-Teller畸变,又降低了Mn溶解,提高了材料的倍率性能和长循环寿命。     

纳米复合固体超强酸SO42-/ZnFe2O4的制备与催化合成癸二酸二乙酯的研究

以硫酸盐为原料,添加NaOH和NaHCO₃以制备出碱式碳酸盐前驱体,合成出新型的纳米固体超强酸催化剂SO₄^2-/ZnFe₂O₄,经XRD、BET、IR等检测,粒径为35nm,比表面积很大(137m^2-1),粒度均匀。首次以该固体酸为催化剂,癸二酸和无水乙醇为原料合成癸二酸二乙酯,考察了影响反应的因素。结果表明,醇酸摩尔比为4.0∶1,催化剂用量为1.0g(癸二酸0.1mol),带水剂苯15mL,反应时间2.5h是最佳反应条件,酯化率可达91%,并推断出该催化剂的酸强度-16.02< H_o< -14.52.     

xLi2MnO3-(1-x)LiNi0.7Co0.3O2的低温燃烧合成及电化学性能研究

采用低温燃烧法合成了锂离子电池正极材料xLi₂MnO₃-(1-x)LiNi_0.7Co_0.3O₂,对合成产物的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了系统的研究, 通过单因素试验对合成条件和材料的组成进行了优化。结果表明:采用低温燃烧法合成的富锂层状正极材料具有α-NaFeO₂型层状结构、球状形貌和良好的电化学性能;其最佳合成条件为:回火温度850℃, 回火时间20 h;Li₂MnO₃的最佳配比为x=0.7.在此条件下合成的0.7Li₂MnO₃-0.3LiNi_0.7Co_0.3O₂,最高放电比容量达到263.1 mAh·g^-1,并具有良好的循环性能和倍率性能。     

Al3+掺杂对Li2FeSiO4结构和电化学性能影响的研究

以CH₃COOLi·2H₂O、C₆H₈O₇·H₂O、FeC₆H₅O₇·5H₂O、Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O和C₈H₂₀O₄Si为起始原料,采用水热辅助溶胶凝胶法及二次煅烧合成了Li₂Fe_1-xAl_xSiO₄/C(x=0.00、0.01、0.03、0.05)正极材料。用IR、XRD、FE-SEM、EDS等方法对材料的晶体结构进行了表征,用ZetaPAL粒度分析仪测量了其粒径分布范围,用SQUID(超导量子干涉仪)测定了样品的磁性,用恒流充/放电对其电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明：n_乙酸锂∶n_柠檬酸=4∶1、掺Al³⁺量为3%,80 ℃回流24 h,350 ℃恒温煅烧5 h,700 ℃恒温13 h,所得试样颗粒集中分布在150 nm左右且未出现团聚。在0.1C(16 mA·g^-1)、0.2C、0.5C下的首次放电比容量为127 mAh·g^-1、103.6 mAh·g^-1和91 mAh·g^-1,15次循环后无明显衰减,具有很好的循环稳定性。     

球形尖晶石LiMn2O4掺杂钇的性能研究

利用控制结晶方法, 在前驱体碳酸锰中共沉淀掺杂适量的钇, 得到球形掺杂钇的碳酸锰, 在540 ℃预烧后, 与锂盐一起焙烧, 可以得到高活性的掺钇球形尖晶石LiMn₂O₄. XRD分析表明, 产物中无杂相产生. 研究表明, 掺杂钇与掺杂其它金属离子的特性不一样, 钇具有催化特性, 掺杂钇可以提高尖晶石LiMn₂O₄中锰的活性. 掺钇使得更多的Mn^3＋参加电化学反应, 增加容量; 但同时也使更多的锰与电解液反应, 造成锰的溶解, 容量损失. 掺钇量越多, 锰的溶解量越大. 因此, 合适的掺杂量对于保证产品良好的电化学性能至关重要. 实验证明, 掺钇0.5%的产品Li(Y_0.005Mn_0.995)₂O₄具有较好的电化学性能. 其常温初始比容量为130 mAh•g^－1, 大于纯相的锰酸锂的125 mAh•g^－1, 100次循环后比容量为120 mAh•g^－1, 容量保持率为92.3%.     

Sol-gel synthesis of K3InF6 and structural characterization of K2InC10O10H6F9, K3InC12O14H4F18 and K3InC12O12F18

K₃InF₆ is synthesized by a sol-gel route starting from indium and potassium acetates dissolved in isopropanol in the stoichiometry 1:3, with trifluoroacetic acid as fluorinating agent. The crystal structures of the organic precursors were solved by X-ray diffraction methods on single crystals. Three organic compounds were isolated and identified: K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉, K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈. The first one, deficient in potassium in comparison with the initial stoichiometry, is unstable. In its crystal structure, acetate as well as trifluoroacetate anions are coordinated to the indium atom. The two other precursors are obtained, respectively, by quick and slow evaporation of the solution. They correspond to the final organic compounds, which give K₃InF₆ by decomposition at high temperature. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₄H₄F₁₈ is characterized by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₄(OH_x)₂]^(5−2x)− and isolated [CF₃COOH_2−x]^(x−1)− molecules with x=2 or 1, surrounded by K⁺ cations. The crystal structure of K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ is only constituted by complex anions [In(CF₃COO)₆]³⁻ and K⁺ cations. For all these compounds, potassium cations ensure only the electroneutrality of the structure. IR spectra of K₂InC₁₀O₁₀H₆F₉ and K₃InC₁₂O₁₂F₁₈ were also performed at room temperature on pulverized crystals.     

Li2O-TiO2-SiO2-P2O5和Li2O-TiO2-Al2O3-P2O5体系锂离子固体电解质的制备及性能研究

一些具有NASICON型网格结构的固体电解质具有高的电导率和好的稳定性,NASICON的意思是Na Super Ionic Conductor[1]。当NaZr2(PO4)3中P5 被Si4 部分取代时便可以得到具有NASICON结构的Na1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系,其具有高的钠离子电导率。然而有相同结构的Li1 xZr2SixP3-xO12体系的离子电导率却很低,这是因为Li 半径太小,而NASICON三维网格结构的离子通道太大,两者不匹配而使电导率下降[2]。但当LiZr2(PO4)3中Zr4 被离子半径小些的Ti4 取代,所得LiTi2(PO4)3的通道就与Li 半径相匹配,适合于锂离子的迁移,从而使其电导率…     

Non-centrosymmetric Ba3Ti3O6(BO3)2

The compound previously reported as Ba₂Ti₂B₂O₉ has been reformulated as Ba₃Ti₃B₂O₁₂, or Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂, a new barium titanium oxoborate. Small single crystals have been recovered from a melt with a composition of BaTiO₃:BaTiB₂O₆ (molar ratio) cooled between 1100°C and 850°C. The crystal structure has been determined by X-ray diffraction: hexagonal system, non-centrosymmetric space group, a=8.7377(11) Å, c=3.9147(8) Å, Z=1, wR(F²)=0.039 for 504 unique reflections. Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ is isostructural with K₃Ta₃O₆(BO₃)₂. Preliminary measurements of nonlinear optical properties on microcrystalline samples show that the second harmonic generation efficiency of Ba₃Ti₃O₆(BO₃)₂ is equal to 95% of that of LiNbO₃.     

Synthesis, crystal structure, infrared and Raman spectra of Sr4Cu3(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)4·3H2O and Ba2Cu4(AsO4)2(AsO3OH)3

The two new compounds, Sr₄Cu₃(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₄·3H₂O (1) and Ba₂Cu₄(AsO₄)₂(AsO₃OH)₃(2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. They represent previously unknown structure types and are the first compounds synthesized in the systems SrO/BaO-CuO-As₂O₅-H₂O. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction [space group C2/c, a=18.536(4) Å, b=5.179(1) Å, c=24.898(5) Å, β=93.67(3)°, V=2344.0(8) Å³, Z=4 for 1; space group P4₂/n, a=7.775(1) Å, c=13.698(3) Å, V=828.1(2) Å³, Z=2 for 2]. The crystal structure of 1 is related to a group of compounds formed by Cu²⁺-(XO₄)³⁻ layers (X=P⁵⁺, As⁵⁺) linked by M cations (M=alkali, alkaline earth, Pb²⁺, or Ag⁺) and partly by hydrogen bonds. In 1, worth mentioning is the very short hydrogen bond length, D···A=2.477(3) Å. It is one of the examples of extremely short hydrogen bonds, where the donor and acceptor are crystallographically different. Compound 2 represents a layered structure consisting of Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers crosslinked by As1φ₄ tetrahedra, where φ is O or OH, which are interconnected by Ba, As2 and hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional network. The layers are formed by Cu₂O₈ centrosymmetric dimers of CuO₅ edge-sharing polyhedra, crosslinked by As1O₄ tetrahedra. Vibrational spectra (FTIR and Raman) of both compounds are described. The spectroscopic manifestation of the very short hydrogen bond in 1, and ABC-like spectra in 2 were discussed.     

A new 2212-type stair like structure: Bi14Sr21Fe12O61, m=5 member of the generic [Bi2Sr3Fe2O9]m[Bi4Sr6Fe2O16] family

A new oxide, Bi₁₄Sr₂₁Fe₁₂O_61, with a layered structure derived from the 2212 modulated type structure Bi₂Sr₃Fe₂O₉, was isolated. It crystallizes in the I2 space group, with the following parameters: a=16.58(3) Å, b=5.496(1) Å, c=35.27(2) Å and β=90.62°. The single crystal X-ray structure determination, coupled with electron microscopy, shows that this ferrite is the m=5 member of the [Bi₂Sr₃Fe₂O₉]_m[Bi₄Sr₆Fe₂O₁₆] collapsed family. This new collapsed structure can be described as slices of 2212 structure of five bismuth polyhedra thick along , shifted with respect to each other and interconnected by means of [Bi₄Sr₆Fe₂O₁₆] slices. The latter are the place of numerous defects like iron or strontium for bismuth substitution; they can be correlated to intergrowth defects with other members of the family.     

Ion-beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the systems La2O3-Al2O3 and La2O3-TiO2

Thin crystals of La₂O₃, LaAlO₃, La_2/3TiO₃, La₂TiO₅, and La₂Ti₂O₇ have been irradiated in situ using 1 MeV Kr²⁺ ions at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope-Tandem User Facility (IVEM-Tandem), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). We observed that La₂O₃ remained crystalline to a fluence greater than 3.1×10¹⁶ ions cm⁻² at a temperature of 50 K. The four binary oxide compounds in the two systems were observed through the crystalline-amorphous transition as a function of ion fluence and temperature. Results from the ion irradiations give critical temperatures for amorphisation (T_c) of 647 K for LaAlO₃, 840 K for La₂Ti₂O₇, 865 K for La_2/3TiO₃, and 1027 K for La₂TiO₅. The T_c values observed in this study, together with previous data for Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, are discussed with reference to the melting points for the La₂O₃-Al₂O₃ and La₂O₃-TiO₂ systems and the different local environments within the four crystal structures. Results suggest that there is an observable inverse correlation between T_c and melting temperature (T_m) in the two systems. More complex relationships exist between T_c and crystal structure, with the stoichiometric perovskite LaAlO₃ being the most resistant to amorphisation.     

Raman scattering investigations on lanthanum-doped Bi4Ti3O12-SrBi4Ti4O15 intergrowth ferroelectrics

The ferroelectric ceramics of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂, SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅, and lanthanum-doped Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅ were synthesized, and their Raman spectra were investigated. La-doping resulted in the enlargement of remnant polarization of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅. The structure of the Bi₂O₂ layers and TiO₆ octahedra of the intergrowth was found to be different from those of Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ and SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅. La³⁺ ions exhibit pronounced selectivity for the occupation of A site as La content is lower than 0.50, and tend to be incorporated into Bi₂O₂ layers when the La content is higher than 0.50. Lanthanum substitution brings about the structural phase transition in Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂-SrBi₄Ti₄O₁₅. The variation of ferroelectric property may be attributed to combined contribution from the decreasing of the oxygen vacancies, the relaxation of the lattice distortion, the destroying of the insulation and the space charge compensation effects of the Bi₂O₂ slabs.     

g-C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)和亚稳相钙钛氧化物(CaTi_2O_5)固相法制备C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及附带能谱分析仪(EDS)和N2吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计(UV-Vis)测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C_3N_4与CaTi_2O_5物质的量之比(nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5)对C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明:相比纯C_3N_4和CaTi_2O_5样品,C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5=1∶1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

g-C3N4/CaTi2O5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）和亚稳相钙钛氧化物（CaTi₂O₅）固相法制备C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合材料。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及附带能谱分析仪（EDS）和N₂吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计（UV-Vis）测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C₃N₄与CaTi₂O₅物质的量之比（n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅）对C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明：相比纯C₃N₄和CaTi₂O₅样品,C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅=1：1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

Magnetic diphase nanostructure of ZnFe2O4/γ-Fe2O3

Magnetic diphase nanostructures of ZnFe₂O₄/γ-Fe₂O₃ were synthesized by a solvothermal method. The formation reactions were optimized by tuning the initial molar ratios of Fe/Zn. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectra. It is found that when the initial molar ratio of Fe/Zn is larger than 2, a diphase magnetic nanostructure of ZnFe₂O₄/γ-Fe₂O₃ was formed, in which the presence of ZnFe₂O₄ enhanced the thermal stability of γ-Fe₂O₃. Further increasing the initial molar ratio of Fe/Zn larger than 6 destabilized the diphase nanostructure and yielded traces of secondary phase α-Fe₂O₃. The grain surfaces of diphase nanostructure exhibited a spin-glass-like structure. At room temperature, all diphase nanostructures are superparamagnetic with saturation magnetization being increased with γ-Fe₂O₃ content.