正则多部竞赛图中任意弧的所有长度的外路

多部竞赛图D中弧x_1x_2的一条(l-1)一外路是指起始于x_1x_2的长为l-1的路x_1x_2…x_1,其中要么x_1与x_1同部,要么x_1控制x_1.特别地,当l=|V(D)|且x_1控制x_1时,x_1x_2…x_lx_1是一个通过弧x_1x_2的Hamilton.Guo(Discrete Appl.Math.95(1999)273-277)证明了一个正则c-部(c≥3)竞赛图中的每条弧都有一个(k-1)-外路,其中k∈{3,4,…,c}.作为一个推广,该文证明了一个正则c-部(c≥5)竞赛图中的每条弧都有一个(k-1)-外路,其中k∈{3,4,…,|V(D)|}.进一步,使用路收缩技巧,下面一个结果也被证明:D是一个正则c-部(c≥8)竞赛图,且每个部集包含两个顶点,则D的每条弧被包含在一个Hamilton圈中.这个结果部分地支持了Volkmann和Yeo(Discrete Math.281(2004)267-276)提出的猜想:正则多部竞赛图的每条孤都包含在一个Hamilton圈中.     

准传递定向图上的Seymour点

有向图D是准传递的,如果对D中任意三个不同的顶点x, y和z,只要在D中存在弧xy, yz, x和z之间就至少存在一条弧. Seymour二次邻域猜想为:在任何一个定向图D中都存在一个顶点x,满足d_D~+(x)d_D~(++)(x).这里,定向图是指没有2圈的有向图.称满足Seymour二次邻域猜想的点为Seymour点. Fisher证明了Seymour二次邻域猜想适用于竞赛图,也就是每个竞赛图至少包含一个Seymour点. Havet和Thomassé证明了,无出度为零的点的竞赛图至少包含两个Seymour点.注意到,竞赛图是准传递有向图的子图类.研究Seymour二次邻域猜想在准传递定向图上的正确性,通过研究准传递定向图与扩张竞赛图的Seymour点之间的关系,证明了准传递定向图上Seymour二次邻域猜想的正确性,得到:每个准传递定向图至少包含一个Seymour点;无出度为零的点的准传递定向图至少包含两个Seymour点.     

几类特殊有向循环图的核

有向图D=(V,A)的核K是顶点集V的一个子集,其中K中任意两点在D中均不相邻,并且对V\K中任意一个点v,都存在K中的一个点u,使得(v,u)是D中的一条弧.一般有向图核的存在问题是NP-完全的.Bang-Jensen和Gutin在他们的著作[Digraphs:Theory, Algorithms and Applications, London:Springer-Verlag, 2000]中提出公开问题(Problem 12.3.5):刻画有向循环图核存在性.本文研究了几类特殊有向循环图核的存在问题,并给出了Duchet核猜想(对任意一个不是有向奇圈的无核有向图,都存在一条弧,使得删除这条弧所得到的图仍然是无核的)的一类反例.     

有向圈的行列式算法及HAMILTON图条件

本文引入有向路乘法、弧行列式等概念 ,讨论了弧行列式的性质 ,阐述了二种计算有向圈的行列式方法及有向图 D为 Hamilton图的充要条件 ,最后给出了计算实例     

α2-独立数为2的有向图中的迹,路和圈

设α₂(D)=max{|X|:X?V(D)且D[X]不含有向2-圈}是有向图D的α₂ (D)-独立数.在文献[Proc.London Math.Soc.,42 (1981) 231-251]中,Thomassen构造了满足κ(D)=α(D)的非哈密尔顿有向图D,以此证明Chvátal-Erd?s定理在有向图情形下不能得到自然推广.Bang-Jensen和Thomassé提出如下猜想:每一个满足弧强连通度大于等于其独立数的有向图一定包含生成闭迹.对于满足弧强连通度大于等于其α2(D)-独立数的有向图是否包含生成迹这一问题,目前仍未解决.如果对于D中的任意两个顶点x和y,D包含生成(x,y)-迹,或者生成(y,x)-迹,则称有向图D是弱迹连通的.如果对于D中的任意两个顶点x和y,D既包含生成(x,y)-迹又包含生成(y,x)-迹,则称D是强迹连通的.本文在确定两个强连通有向图类M和H的基础上,研究了在满足α₂(D)=2条件下,有向图D的相关结果,并得到以下结论:(ⅰ) D是哈密尔顿的当且仅当D?M.(ⅱ) D是弱迹连通的.(...     

强定向图的k-强距离

对强连通有向图D的一个非空顶点子集S,D中包含S的具有最少弧数的强连通有向子图称为S的Steiner子图,S的强Steiner距离d(S)等于S的Steiner子图的弧数. 如果|S|=k, 那么d(S)称为S的k-强距离. 对整数k≥2和强有向图D的顶点v,v的k-强离心率sek(v)为D中所有包含v的k个顶点的子集的k-强距离的最大值. D中顶点的最小k-强离心率称为D的k-强半径,记为sradk(D),最大k-强离心率称为D的k-强直径,记为sdiamk(D). 本文证明了,对于满足k+1≤r,d≤n的任意整数r,d,存在顶点数为n的强竞赛图T′和T″,使得sradk(T′)=r和sdiamk(T″)=d;进而给出了强定向图的k-强直径的一个上界.     

关于竞赛图弧Hamilton回路性

邵品琮,张存铨提出如下猜想: 竞赛图T是弧Hamilton回路的。则T中每条弧l,都有一系列长为h,…,p的回路经过l(4≤h≤p—1)。 本文构造了一类图,它们具有弧Hamilton回路性,但不具有弧5回路性。并且证明若p≥7,则具有弧Hamilton回路性的p阶竞赛图T具有弧p-1回路性。     

多部竞赛图中包含某条弧的圈

多部竞赛图或n部竞赛图是指一个完全n部无向图的定向图.2007年Volkmann证明了每个强连通的n部竞赛图(n≥3)至少存在一条弧它包含在从3到n的每个长度的圈中.在此基础上给出了强连通n部竞赛图中存在一条弧它包含在从3到n+1的每个长度的圈中的一个充分条件,并举例说明该条件在某种意义上的最佳可能性.     

Hamilton非二部图的弱泛圈性

图G称为弱泛圈图是指G包含了每个长为t(g(V)≤l≤c(G))的圈,其中g(G),c(v)分别是G的围长与周长.1997年Brandt提出以下猜想:边数大于[n2/4]-n 5的n阶非二部图为弱泛圈图.1999年Bollobas和Thomason证明了边数不小于[n2/4]-n 59的n阶非二部图为弱泛圈图.作者证明了如下结论:设G是n阶Hamilton非二部图,若G的边数不小于[n2/4]-n 12,则G为弱泛圈图.     

关于愉快图的Bodendiek猜想

1977年,H.Bodendiek等人提出猜想:一个圈任意加上两个不相邻顶点的边所得的图是愉快图。1980年C.Delorme等人证明了这个猜想,后来,又有一些人不止一次地给出了它的不同方法的证明。本文在变更原猜想条件的情况下,证明了以下定理。     

Quasi-transitive digraphs

A digraph is quasi-transitive if there is a complete adjacency between the inset and the outset of each vertex. Quasi-transitive digraphs are interseting because of their relation to comparability graphs. Specifically, a graph can be oriented as a quasi-transitive digraph if and only if it is a comparability graph. Quasi-transitive digraphs are also of interest as they share many nice properties of tournaments. Indeed, we show that every strongly connected quasi-transitive digraphs D on at least four vertices has two vertices v₁ and v₂ such that D – v_i is strongly connected for i = 1, 2. A result of tournaments on the existence of a pair of arc-disjoint in- and out-branchings rooted at the same vertex can also be extended to quasi-transitive digraphs. However, some properties of tournaments, like hamiltonicity, cannot be extended directly to quasi-transitive digraphs. Therefore we characterize those quasi-transitive digraphs which have a hamiltonian cycle, respectively a hamiltonian path. We show the existence of highly connected quasi-transitive digraphs D with a factor (a collection of disjoint cycles covering the vertex set of D), which have a cycle of every length 3 ≦ k ≦ |V(D)| ? 1 through every vertex and yet they are not hamiltonian. Finally we characterize pancyclic and vertex pancyclic quasi-transitive digraphs. © 1995, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Arc-disjoint hamiltonian paths in non-round decomposable local tournaments

Thomassen proved that a strong tournament $T$ has a pair of arc-disjoint Hamiltonian paths with distinct initial vertices and distinct terminal vertices if and only if $T$ is not an almost transitive tournament of odd order, where an almost transitive tournament is obtained from a transitive tournament with acyclic ordering $u_1,u_2,\dots ,u_n$ (i.e., $u_i\to u_j$ for all $1\le i<j\le n$) by reversing the arc $u_1{u}_n$. A digraph $D$ is a local tournament if for every vertex $x$ of $D$, both the out-neighbors and the in-neighbors of $x$ induce tournaments. Bang-Jensen, Guo, Gutin and Volkmann split local tournaments into three subclasses: the round decomposable; the non-round decomposable which are not tournaments; the non-round decomposable which are tournaments. In 2015, we proved that every 2-strong round decomposable local tournament has a Hamiltonian path and a Hamiltonian cycle which are arc-disjoint if and only if it is not the second power of an even cycle. In this paper, we discuss the arc-disjoint Hamiltonian paths in non-round decomposable local tournaments, and prove that every 2-strong non-round decomposable local tournament contains a pair of arc-disjoint Hamiltonian paths with distinct initial vertices and distinct terminal vertices. This result combining with the one on round decomposable local tournaments extends the above-mentioned result of Thomassen to 2-strong local tournaments.     

On arc-traceable local tournaments

A digraph D is arc-traceable if for every arc xy of D, the arc xy belongs to a directed Hamiltonian path of D. A local tournament is an oriented graph such that the negative neighborhood as well as the positive neighborhood of every vertex induces a tournament. It is well known that every tournament contains a directed Hamiltonian path and, in 1990, Bang-Jensen showed the same for connected local tournaments. In 2006, Busch, Jacobson and Reid studied the structure of tournaments that are not arc-traceable and consequently gave various sufficient conditions for tournaments to be arc-traceable. Inspired by the article of Busch, Jacobson and Reid, we develop in this paper the structure necessary for a local tournament to be not arc-traceable. Using this structure, we give sufficient conditions for a local tournament to be arc-traceable and we present examples showing that these conditions are best possible.     

Decomposing <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis>-ARc-Strong Tournaments Into Strong Spanning Subdigraphs

  The so-called Kelly conjecture states that every regular tournament on 2k+1 vertices has a decomposition into k-arc-disjoint hamiltonian cycles. In this paper we formulate a generalization of that conjecture, namely we conjecture that every k-arc-strong tournament contains k arc-disjoint spanning strong subdigraphs. We prove several results which support the conjecture:If D = (V, A) is a 2-arc-strong semicomplete digraph then it contains 2 arc-disjoint spanning strong subdigraphs except for one digraph on 4 vertices.Every tournament which has a non-trivial cut (both sides containing at least 2 vertices) with precisely k arcs in one direction contains k arc-disjoint spanning strong subdigraphs. In fact this result holds even for semicomplete digraphs with one exception on 4 vertices.Every k-arc-strong tournament with minimum in- and out-degree at least 37k contains k arc-disjoint spanning subdigraphs H ₁, H ₂, . . . , H _k such that each H _i is strongly connected.The last result implies that if T is a 74k-arc-strong tournament with speci.ed not necessarily distinct vertices u ₁, u ₂, . . . , u _k , v ₁, v ₂, . . . , v _k then T contains 2k arc-disjoint branchings where is an in-branching rooted at the vertex u _i and is an out-branching rooted at the vertex v _i , i=1,2, . . . , k. This solves a conjecture of Bang-Jensen and Gutin [3].We also discuss related problems and conjectures.

Locally semicomplete digraphs: A generalization of tournaments

In this paper we introduce a new class of directed graphs called locally semicomplete digraphs. These are defined to be those digraphs for which the following holds: for every vertex x the vertices dominated by x induce a semicomplete digraph and the vertices that dominate x induce a semicomplete digraph. (A digraph is semicomplete if for any two distinct vertices u and ν, there is at least one arc between them.) This class contains the class of semicomplete digraphs, but is much more general. In fact, the class of underlying graphs of the locally semi-complete digraphs is precisely the class of proper circular-arc graphs (see [13], Theorem 3). We show that many of the classic theorems for tournaments have natural analogues for locally semicomplete digraphs. For example, every locally semicomplete digraph has a directed Hamiltonian path and every strong locally semicomplete digraph has a Hamiltonian cycle. We also consider connectivity properties, domination orientability, and algorithmic aspects of locally semicomplete digraphs. Some of the results on connectivity are new, even when restricted to semicomplete digraphs.     

Generalizations of tournaments: A survey

We survey results concerning various generalizations of tournaments. The reader will see that tournaments are by no means the only class of directed graphs with a very rich structure. We describe, among numerous other topics mostly related to paths and cycles, results on hamiltonian paths and cycles. The reader will see that although these problems are polynomially solvable for all of the classes described, they can be highly nontrivial, even for these “tournament-like” digraphs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Graph Theory 28: 171–202, 1998     

Problems and conjectures concerning connectivity, paths, trees and cycles in tournament-like digraphs

In this paper we collect a substantial number of challenging open problems and conjectures on connectivity, paths, trees and cycles in tournaments and classes of digraphs which contain tournaments as a subclass. The list is by no means exhaustive but is meant to show that the area has a large number of interesting open problems. We also mention problems for general digraphs when they are relevant in the context.     

Strongly Hamiltonian-connected locally semicomplete digraphs

We give some sufficient conditions for locally semicomplete digraphs to contain a hamiltonian path from a prescribed vertex to another prescribed vertex. As an immediate consequence of these, we obtain that every 4-connected locally semicomplete digraph is strongly hamiltonian-connected. Our results extend those of Thomassen [12] for tournaments. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On extremal weighted digraphs with no heavy paths

Bollobás and Scott proved that if the weighted outdegree of every vertex of an edge-weighted digraph is at least 1, then the digraph contains a (directed) path of weight at least 1. In this note we characterize the extremal weighted digraphs with no heavy paths. Our result extends a corresponding theorem of Bondy and Fan on weighted graphs. We also give examples to show that a result of Bondy and Fan on the existence of heavy paths connecting two given vertices in a 2-connected weighted graph does not extend to 2-connected weighted digraphs.     

On the structure of strong 3-quasi-transitive digraphs

In this paper, D=(V(D),A(D)) denotes a loopless directed graph (digraph) with at most one arc from u to v for every pair of vertices u and v of V(D). Given a digraph D, we say that D is 3-quasi-transitive if, whenever u→v→w→z in D, then u and z are adjacent or u=z. In Bang-Jensen (2004) [3], Bang-Jensen introduced 3-quasi-transitive digraphs and claimed that the only strong 3-quasi-transitive digraphs are the strong semicomplete digraphs and strong semicomplete bipartite digraphs. In this paper, we exhibit a family of strong 3-quasi-transitive digraphs distinct from strong semicomplete digraphs and strong semicomplete bipartite digraphs and provide a complete characterization of strong 3-quasi-transitive digraphs.