Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene to Aniline by Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3

The Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3 nanocomposite was synthesized by solvothermal reduction method via using ferric nitrate and silver nitrate as raw materials, and ethylene glycol as the reducing agent. The composite was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray. The prepared Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3 was used for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline by hydrazine hydrate. The factors such as the silver content in the catalyst, reaction time, reaction temperature and the regeneration of catalyst were investigated. The results showed that the yield of aniline reached 100% by utilizing the 1%wt(nitrobenzene) Ag/γ-Fe_2O_3 for the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene for 3 h to obtain aniline at 78 ℃, hydrazine hydrate as the hydrogen source, while the silver content in the catalyst was 3%mol.     

Cobalt oxide and carbon modified hematite nanorod arrays for improved photoelectrochemical water splitting

Given the proper band gap, low cost and good stability, hematite(α-Fe_2O_3) has been considered as a promising candidate for photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting, however suffers from the sluggish surface water oxidation reaction kinetics. In this study, a simple dip-coating process was used to modify the surface of α-Fe_2O_3 nanorod arrays with cobalt oxide(CoO_x) and carbon(C) for the improved PEC performance, with a photocurrent density at 1.6 V(vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) increased from 0.10 mA/cm~2 for the pristine α-Fe_2O_3 to 0.37 mA/cm~2 for the CoO_x/C modified α-Fe_2O_3 nanorods. As revealed by electrochemical analysis, thanks to the synergistic effect of CoO_x and C, the PEC enhancement could be attributed to the enhanced charge transfer ability, decreased surface charge recombination, and accelerated water oxidation reaction kinetics. This study serves as a good example for improving PEC water splitting performance via a simple method.     

EFFECTS OF K_2O AND MnO PROMOTERS ON THE PRODUCTION OF LIGHT ALKENES VIA SYNGAS OVER Fe/SILICALITE-2 CATALYST IL REDUCIBILITY OF K-Fe-MnO/SILICALITE-2 CATALYST

K_2O and MnO are two kinds of necessary promoters to theselective production of light alkenes from CO hydrogenation over silicalite-2(Si-2) zeolite supported Fe catalyst. The addition of both K_2O and MnOpromoters into Fe/Si-2 catalyst leads to a remarkable increase in the COconversion and the selectivity to light oletins. Silicalite-2 zeolite as Fe-MnOcatalyst support can suppress the formation of α-Fe_2MnO_3 or/andα-Fe_(2-y)Mn_yO_3 as Well as α-Fe_2O_3 and/or α-Mn_2O_3, being favorable for(?)ncreasing the dispersion of active metal component. So MnO can promotethe reduction of Fe~(3-) and enhance the capacity of CO adsorption, which canimprove the activity of the activity of the catalyst for CO hydrogenation. While K_2Opromoter is unfavorable for reduction of Fe~(3-) to some degree with formation of Fe~(2-) as a new species after reduction. However, K_2O promoter can enhance the capacity and strength of CO adsorption greatly.So K_2O can alsoimprove the activity of catalyst for CO hydrogenation.     

Porous α-Fe_2O_3/SnO_2 nanoflower with enhanced sulfur selectivity and stability for H_2S selective oxidation

Being abundant and active,Fe_2O_3 is suitable for selective oxidation of H_2S.However,its practical application is limited due to the poor sulfur selectivity and rapid deactivation.Herein,we report a facile template-free hydrothermal method to fabricate porous α-Fe_2O_3/SnO_2 composites with hierarchical nanoflower that can obviously improve the catalytic performance of Fe_2O_3.It was disclosed that the synergistic effect between α-Fe_2O_3 and SnO_2 promotes the physico-chemical properties of α-Fe_2O_3/SnO_2 composites.Specifically,the electron transfer between the Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+) and Sn~(2+)/Sn~(4+) redox couples enhances the reducibility of α-Fe_2O_3/SnO_2 composites.The number of oxygen vacancies is improved when the Fe cations incorporate into SnO_2 structure,which facilitates the adsorption and activation of oxygen species.Additionally,the porous structure improves the accessibility of H_2 S to active sites.Among the composites,Fe1 Sn1 exhibits complete H_2 S conversion with 100% sulfur selectivity at 220℃,better than those of pure α-Fe_2O_3 and SnO_2.Moreover,Fe1 Sn1 catalyst shows high stability and water resistance.     

纳米二氧化硅负载FeCl3作为一种高效多相催化剂用于合成1,2,4-三嗪衍生物（英文）

The one‐pot synthesis of a series of 1,2,4‐triazines from the reactions of semicarbazide or thiosemi‐carbazide with various α,β‐dicarbonyl compounds under reflux conditions in a EtOH‐H2O (9:1) mixture as solvent and catalyzed by nano‐sized silica supported FeCl3 (FeCl3@SiO2) was investigat‐ed. The FeCl3 content of the catalyst was measured by atomic absorption to get the adsorption ca‐pacity. The reactions gave high yields of the product and the catalyst was easily separated and re‐used for successive reaction runs without significant loss of activity.     

Egyptian heavy vacuum gas oil hydrotreating over Co-Mo/CNT and Co-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts

The catalytic activity of CoMoS /CNT towards the Egyptian heavy vacuum gas oil hydrotreating was studied. The delivered CNT was functionalized with 6 mol /L HNO_3. The CNT were loaded with 12% MoO_3( by weight) and 0.7 Co /Mo atomic ratio with impregnation methods. The γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst was also prepared by impregnation method to compare both catalysts activities.The analysis tools such XRD,Raman spectroscopy,TEM,and BET were used to characterize the catalysts. The autoclave reactor was used to operate the hydrotreating experiments. The hydrotreating reactions were tested at various operating conditions of temperature 325-375 ℃,pressure 2-6 MPa,time 2-6 h,and catalyst /oil ratio( by weight) of 1 ∶75,1 ∶33 and 1 ∶10. The results revealed that the CoMoS /CNT was highly efficient for the hydrotreating more than the CoMoS /γ-Al_2O_3. Also, the hydrodesulfurization( HDS) increased with increasing catalyst /oil ratio. Additionally,results showed that the optimum condition was temperature 350℃,pressure 4 MPa,catalyst /oil ratio of 1 ∶75 for 2 h. Furthermore,even at low CoMoS /CNT catalyst /oil ratio of 1 ∶75,an acceptable HDS of 77.1% was achieved.     

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of levulinate ester intoγ-valerolactone over ternary Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst

An effective catalytic transfer hydrogenation(CTH) process of bio-based levulinate esters into γ-valerolactone(GVL) was explored over ternary Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst which was prepared by coprecipitation method and could be sustainably used. As a result, quantitative conversion of ethyl levulinate(EL) and 99.0% yield of GVL were obtained in the CTH process using i-PrOH as hydrogen donor.The Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst with high-surface-area could be reused at least four times without the loss of catalytic activity. Furthermore, the structure and properties of Cu/ZnO/Al_2O_3 catalyst was characterized through XRD, BET, SEM, TEM and H_2-TPR. Also, the influence of different support oxides and calcination temperatures was investigated.     

Selective conversion of furfural to cyclopentanol over cobalt catalysts in one step

A series of cobalt catalysts with different supports were prepared for the selective conversion of biomassderived furfural to cyclopentanol(CPL) in one step.The best CPLyield was 82 mol%at 160 ℃,2 MPa H_2,4 h when cobalt was supported on ZrO_2-La_2O_3.The supports were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD).The XRD results indicated that the more stable t-ZrO_2 formed by doping La_2O_3.The amount of acid sites of the catalyst increased,too.The influences of parameters such as reaction temperature,hydrogen pressure,and reaction time on the catalytic activity were also investigated.The polymer formed during the reaction may cause the deactivation of the Co/ZrO_2-La_2O_3 catalyst.This work provides a possibility to prepare the stable t-ZrO_2and apply with cobalt metal for biomass valorization.     

Cross-aldol Condensation of Cycloalkanones and Aromatic Aldehydes in the Presence of Nanoporous Silica-based Sulfonic Acid (SiO2-Pr-SO3H) under Solvent Free Conditions

The aromatic aldehydes underwent cross aldol condensation with cycloalkanones in the presence of a catalytic amount of nanoporous silica-based sulfonic acid (SiO2-Pr-SO3H) under solvent-free conditions to afford the corresponding α,α’-bis(substituted benzylidene)cycloalkanones in excellent yields with short reaction time without any side reactions. This method is very general, simple and environmentally friendly in contrast with other existing methods. SiO2-Pr-SO3H was proved to be an efficient heterogeneous solid acid catalyst, which could be easily handled and removed from the reaction mixture by simple filtration, and also recovered and reused without loss of reactivity.     

Solvothermal Synthesis of α-Fe_2O_3 Porous Nanobelts and Their Enhanced Acetone-sensing Properties

Porous α-Fe_2O_3 nanobelts have been prepared via a solvothermal route and subsequent calcination. The as-prepared nanostructure was characterized by XRD, FESEM, TEM, N_2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, etc. The α-Fe_2O_3 nanobelts presented obvious porous structures with the length of ca. 1～2μm, width of ca. 200～350 nm and thickness of ca. 30～60 nm. It was found that the assistance of inorganic additives played an important role in the shape control of α-Fe_2O_3 nanostructure. The gas-sensing performance of the fabricated sensor based on α-Fe_2O_3 nanobelts sample was also investigated, and the response towards 1000 ppm acetone can reach 24.4. In addition, the gas-sensing conductive mechanism of the sensor was also proposed.     

Tunable Synthesis of Core-shell α-Fe2O3/TiO2 Composite Nanoparticles and Their Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity

Uniform α-Fe₂O₃/amorphous TiO₂ core-shell nanocomposites were prepared via a hydrolysis method and α-Fe₂O₃/anatase TiO₂ core-shell nanocomposites were obtained via a post-calcination process. The structure and morphology of the products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Amorphous TiO₂ nanoparticles with diameters of ten to several tens nanometer were formed on the surface of α-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and the coverage density of the secondary TiO₂ nanoparticles in the composite can be controlled by varying the concentration of Ti(BuO)₄ in the ethanol solution. The visible-light photocatalytic properties of different products towards Rhodamine B(RhB) were investigated. The results show that the α-Fe₂O₃/amorphous TiO₂ exhibits a good photocatalytic property owing to the extension of the light response range to visible light and the efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes between α-Fe₂O₃ and amorphous TiO₂.     

WO3的引入对MnOx-Fe2O3催化剂上NH3-SCR反应中N2选择性的促进作用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同含量钨修饰的MnO_x-Fe₂O₃催化剂,重点考察WO₃的引入对NH₃-SCR反应中N₂选择性的影响,通过XRD、BET、XPS、H₂-TPR、Raman和In situ DRIFTS等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,钨的引入显著提高NH₃-SCR的N₂选择性,当WO₃质量分数为15%时,具有最佳的NH₃-SCR催化性能,且在50-250℃条件下N₂O浓度始终低于0.003%。这主要是由于适量WO₃的引入,导致催化剂物相由α-Fe₂O₃向γ-Fe₂O₃转变,并与锰相互作用形成新的无定型MnWO₄,获得较大的比表面积;使得Mn⁴⁺/（Mn³⁺+Mn⁴⁺）比例减少但Fe²⁺及表面化学吸附氧（O_α）含量增加,从而降低催化剂氧化性;增强催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位点的含量及强度,增强NH₃的吸附,促进了SCR反应,同时抑制了NO₂深度氧化形成硝酸盐物种,降低硝酸盐物种还原产生的副产物N₂O含量,从而显著提高WO₃-MnO_x-Fe₂O₃催化剂在NH₃-SCR中的N₂选择性。     

水蒸气和α-Fe_2O_3对铈改性半焦脱除单质汞的影响研究

采用浸渍法制备了铈改性半焦吸附剂(Ce/SC),在小型固定床反应器上考察了水蒸气和α-Fe_2O_3对Ce/SC脱除Hg~0性能的影响,并利用X射线衍射、H2程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱等分析手段对其机理进行了探究。结果表明,水蒸气会明显抑制Ce/SC对单质汞的脱除效率,原因是H_2O分子在活性组分CeO_2表面发生解离,部分晶格氧转化成Ce-OH官能团,从而导致其氧化活性的降低;α-Fe_2O_3的加入对Ce/SC的脱汞性能无显著影响;当水蒸气和α-Fe_2O_3同时存在时,Ce/SC的脱汞效率虽然有所降低,但是其降低幅度明显低于水蒸气单独作用时的情况,这主要是因为水蒸气与α-Fe_2O_3作用增加了其表面化学吸附氧的含量,提高了α-Fe_2O_3的氧化活性,促进单质汞的氧化和脱除。     

Sn、Ti掺杂改性γ-Fe2O3催化剂结构及NH3-SCR脱硝活性研究

采用共沉淀-微波热解法,制备一系列Sn、Ti掺杂改性γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂样品(γ-Fe_0.95Ti_0.05O_z、γ-Fe_0.95Sn_0.05O_z、γ-Fe_0.95Sn_0.025Ti_0.025O_z),研究Sn、Ti掺杂对γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂SCR脱硝活性的影响,借助XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、EDS及SEM等手段对催化剂晶相、孔结构、表面元素及微观形貌等进行表征分析。结果表明,Sn、Ti掺杂后以无定形态高度分散于γ-Fe₂O₃晶格中,与Fe形成固溶体;单一助剂Ti掺杂制得的γ-Fe_0.95Ti_0.05O_z 最高脱硝效率达98.3%,且在250~400 ℃脱硝效率保持90%以上;Ti掺杂可以细化γ-Fe₂O₃晶粒,优化2~100 nm孔径孔隙结构,抑制α-Fe₂O₃的生成,促使γ-Fe₂O₃形成细致、均匀、独立的球状颗粒,对SCR反应有利;Sn掺杂则使催化剂出现严重烧结现象,导致2~6 nm孔径孔结构贫乏,对SCR脱硝反应不利;在Sn、Ti协同作用下,催化剂表面氧铁原子物质的量比由1.83降至1.33,表面晶格氧显著下降,一定程度上限制了SCR反应速率的提高。     

钛改性对γ-Fe2O3选择催化还原脱硝性能强化机制的分子模拟研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了典型过渡金属Ti掺杂改性对γ-Fe₂O₃选择催化还原（NH₃-SCR）脱硝性能强化影响的作用机制。构建了单Ti和双Ti在γ-Fe₂O₃（001）表面的不同Fe位置的掺杂模型，计算了表面掺杂形成能，探讨了O₂、NO和NH₃分子在Ti掺杂前后的γ-Fe₂O₃（001）表面的吸附特性，并进行了反应机理分析。结果表明，单Ti倾向于掺杂在八面体Fe_oct位，双Ti倾向于两个Fe_oct位。Ti的掺杂增强了催化剂表面对O₂的吸附能力，吸附性能随Ti掺杂量增加而增强。单Ti和双Ti的掺杂都抑制了NO以N端在催化剂表面的吸附。Ti能够强化NH₃的吸附，增强了Lewis酸位，有利于SCR反应。Ti的掺杂增大了NO₂生成的反应能垒，降低了γ-Fe₂O₃低温区的SCR反应。Ti的掺杂抑制了NH和N的形成，避免了NH₃的过度氧化，提高NH₃的利用率，有利于SCR反应，并且抑制了通过E-R机理产生的N₂O，具有良好的N₂选择性。Ti的掺杂能够改善γ-Fe₂O₃在NH₃-SCR中还原NO的性能。     

硝酸盐对羰基硫与气溶胶表面非均相反应的影响

利用原位漫反射傅里叶红外光谱(DRIFTS)对硝酸盐与α-Fe2O3形成的混合气溶胶与羰基硫(COS)的非均相反应进行研究,并比较了不同硝酸盐(NaNO3、KNO3和NH4NO3)和α-Fe2O3的混合物与COS反应的情况.结果表明:NaNO3质量分数为4％的混合颗粒物与COS反应具有最高的反应活性,相比纯α-Fe2O3的反应速率提高了约5倍;含等质量分数(24％)硝酸盐的混合物和纯α-Fe2O3对COS的转化能力依次为:α-Fe2O3/KNO3＞α-Fe2O3/NaNO3＞α-Fe2O3/NH4NO3＞α-Fe2O3,而纯NaNO3、KNO3和NH4NO3颗粒与COS不发生反应.说明硝酸盐的存在很大程度上提高了COS在α-Fe2O3颗粒物表面的转化能力.     

Bio-template Synthesis of Spirulina/α-Fe2O3 Composite with Improved Surface Wettability

Bio-template method has recently attracted much attention because of its prominent advantages in obtai-ning morphology controlled materials with structural specificity, complexity and their unique functions. The bio-template method combining with electrochemical deposition was employed to synthesize spirulina/hematite composite microstructures using native spirulina as template. A great amount of hematite(α-Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles can be formed and deposited onto the spirulina, resulting in a robust and pseudo-homogeneous surface. And the spirulina/α-Fe₂O₃ composite exhibits an improved surface wettability due to its helical morphology. This facile strategy may open new horizons in the field of replicating specific biological structures for functional materials in other potential applications.     

阳极改性对微生物燃料电池处理秸秆水解物性能影响

以玉米秸秆稀酸水解液为阳极底物,用污水处理厂活性污泥为产电微生物菌源构建双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),采用三种不同方法改性阳极碳毡,并对其MFC产电性能进行研究。结果表明,以未改性碳毡(CC)、HNO_3酸解CC(HNO_3/CC)、壳聚糖改性CC(chitosan/CC)、PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性碳毡(PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3/CC)的MFC的最大产电量分别为248、315、452和522 mV,最大功率密度分别为54.6、92.7、203.8和248.1 mW/m~2,COD的去除率分别为82.21%、81.46%、82.53%和86.44%。循环伏安曲线显示,PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性的阳极碳毡具有较高的氧化还原电位。电化学阻抗谱图表明,PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性碳毡的极化内阻最小,为7Ω。几种改性材料为阳极的MFC性能依次为PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3/CC壳聚糖/CCHNO_3/CC空白CC。     

Preparation of a novel,efficient, and recyclable magnetic catalyst,γ-Fe_2O_3@HAp-Ag nanoparticles,and a solvent- and halogen-free protocol for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives

In this protocol, Ag supported on the hydroxyapatite-core–shell magnetic γ-Fe_2O_3nanoparticles(γFe_2O_3@HAp-Ag NPs) as a novel, efficient, and magnetically recyclable catalyst is synthesized, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometry(VSM). The use of the catalyst is described in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives by the Pechmann condensation of various phenols with β-ketoesters under solvent- and halogen-free conditions at 80℃.This novel and inexpensive method offers advantages, such as recyclability simple experimental protocol, short reaction time, minimal work-up procedure, and excellent yields of products, together with desirable, eco-friendly, green aspects by avoiding toxic elements and solvents, and ease of recovery from the reaction mixture using an external magnet.