Improving the Performance of TIPS-pentacene Thin FilmTransistors via Interface Modification

Understanding the structure-performance relationship is crucial for optimizing the performance of organic thin film transistors. Here, two interface modification methods were applied to modulate the thin film morphology of the organic semiconductor, 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene(TIPS-pentacene). The resulting different film morphologies and packing structures led to distinct charge transport abilities. A substantial 40-fold increase in charge carrier mobility was observed on the octadecyltrichlorosilane(OTS)-modified sample compared to that of the transistor on the bare substrate. A better charge mobility greater than 1 cm²·V^-1·s^-1 is realized on the p-sexiphenyl(p-6P)- modified transistors due to the large grain size, good continuity and, importantly, the intimate π-π packing in each domain.     

Electron transport in solution-grown TIPS-pentacene single crystals: Effects of gate dielectrics and polar impurities

The n-channel behavior has been occasionally reported in the organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) that usually exhibit p-channel transport only. Reconfirmation and further examination of these unusual device performances should deepen the understanding on the electron transport in organic semiconductors. 6,13-bis(triisopropyl-silylethynyl) pentacene (TIPS-pentacene), a widely examined p-channel material as Au is used for source-drain electrodes, has recently been reported to exhibit electron transport when grown from non-polar solvent on divinyltetramethyldisiloxanebis (benzocyclobutene) (BCB) dielectric, spurring the study on this unusual electron transport. This paper describes FET characteristics of solution-grown TIPS-pentacene single crystals on five polymer gate dielectrics including polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(4-vinyl phenol) (PVP), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)). In addition to the p-channel behavior, electron transport occurs in the crystals on PMMA, PS, thick PVA (40 nm) and a bilayer dielectric of PMMA on P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), while does not on PVP and thin PVA (2 nm). The two distinct FET characteristics are consistent with the previous reported trap effect of hydroxyl groups (in PVP and PVA) and reduced injection barrier by Na⁺ ions (as impurity in PVA). The highest electron mobility of 0.48 cm² V^-1 s^-1 has been achieved in the crystals on PMMA. Furthermore, the electron transport is greatly attenuated after the crystals are exposed to the vapor of a variety of polar solvents and the attenuated electron transport partially recovers if the crystals are heated, indicating the adverse effect of polar impurities on electron transport. By reconfirming the n-channel behavior in the OFETs based on TIPS-pentacene, this work has implications for the design of n-channel and ambipolar OFETs.     

Magnetism tuned by intercalation of various metal ions in coordination polymer

Insertion of various metal ions have changed the ferromagnetic coordination frameworks into paramagnetic, superparamagnetic, or ferromagnetic. The net charge and radius of the ions determined the magnetism of the host frameworks.     

Influence of SAM Quality on the Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Gas Sensors

Gas sensors based on organic semiconductors receive tremendous attentions owing to their advantages on high selectivity and room temperature operation. However, until now, most organic semiconductor based sensors still suffered from problems, such as low sensitivity, slow response/recovery speed and poor stability. In addition, a clear correlation between the sensing performance and the film property is still absent. Herein, we report the investigation on sensing performance of a series of organic films with various morphologies. By simply adjusting the quality of self-assembled monolayer(SAM) on the silicon wafer surface, we obtain organic semiconductor 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (TIPS-pentacene) films with varied morphologies and different charge transport abilities. The film with a small grain size and a continuous morphology presents the highest sensing performance to NO₂, with a sensitivity up to 730%/ppm(ppm=parts per million, vo-lume ratio). We thus reveal that the high sensitivity of the organic film is evident related with the charge transport ability and initial conductivity of the films, as well as the morphologies of both modification layer and the active films.     

Toward well-organised ionic discotic liquid crystals via versatile supramolecular approach

Various ordered structures of crystalline three-dimensional (3D) cubic, 2D columnar or 1D lamellar mesophases have been facilely achieved through host–guest interactions of electrically neutral host tris(18-crown-6)triphenylene and guest potassium sulfonates with alkyl tails of variant number and length. The convenient construction of functionalised ionic complexes and the flexibility of such a supramolecular approach offer a wide variety of possibilities to prepare various ordered functional soft materials, especially those in their 2D ordered columnar liquid crystalline mesophases may serve as promising electron and ion dual-channel transport organic electronic materials.     

石墨炔与锡烯层状体系的形变势和电声耦合及载流子传输理论研究

我们对sp + sp²杂化的碳同素异形体—石墨炔,以及锡烯等层状体系的电子结构、形变势、电声耦合和电荷输运性质进行了回顾。有些二维石墨炔具有类似石墨烯的狄拉克锥,同时石墨炔电子结构可通过将其沿不同方向裁剪成不同宽度一维纳米带来调节。采用玻尔兹曼输运方程和形变势近似,结合第一性原理计算,我们预测石墨炔电荷载流子室温迁移率可达10⁴–10⁵ cm²·V^-1·s^-1,尤其6, 6, 12-石墨炔,因有两个狄拉克锥及比石墨烯弱的电声耦合,其室温迁移率甚至能高于石墨烯。因此具有独特电子结构和高迁移率的石墨炔能成为继石墨烯之后未来的纳米电子器件材料。此外我们着重分析了形变势方法的适用性：密度泛函微扰理论和瓦尼尔插值技术能精确计算任意波矢和模式的声子对载流子散射,该方法在石墨烯和石墨炔上的运用表明二维平面碳材料中对载流子输运起主导作用的是长波长纵声学声子散射,因而形变势方法是适用的;但通过对锡烯等二维非平面buckling结构的材料声子散射和迁移率的计算,发现此类不具备σ_h对称性的材料有较强的面外声子散射和横声学声子谷间散射,使得常用的形变势失效。     

客体预嵌策略提升水系锌离子电池正极材料电化学性能

随着人们对电子通讯器件、新能源汽车以及电网级储能技术的需求日益增长,开发安全、高效且兼具环保、低成本等优点的二次电池显得至关重要。近年来,水系锌离子电池因其高安全性、高容量、低成本以及环境友好等优点受到了广泛关注。在与锌负极相匹配的众多正极材料中,具有多电子转移特性的钒基和锰基材料表现出了广阔的应用前景。然而这些正极材料在电池循环过程通常面临着结构坍塌、组分溶解、衍生副反应、反应动力学缓慢等问题,严重制约了其商业化进程。近年来,大量研究表明,客体离子或分子预嵌正极宿主结构可以有效缓解上述问题,提升水系锌离子电池正极材料的电化学性能。本文综述了客体预嵌策略应用于水系锌离子电池钒、锰基正极材料的研究进展,对该策略所解决的问题以及其局限性进行了讨论和总结,并对未来水系锌离子电池钒基和锰基正极材料的研究发展方向进行了展望。     

Ni3S2@碳纳米管复合材料的制备及其储钠性能

采用一步固相煅烧工艺制备了碳纳米管原位封装Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒（Ni₃S₂@CNT）,并研究了其作为钠离子电池（SIBs）负极材料的电化学性能. 通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、循环伏安测试、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗等研究了Ni₃S₂@CNT的物相结构、形貌特征以及电化学性能. 电化学测试表明,材料在100 mA·g ^-1电流密度下,放电容量可以达到541.6 mAh·g ^-1,甚至在2000 mA·g ^-1的大电流密度下其放电比容量也可以维持在274.5 mAh·g ^-1. 另外,材料在100 mA·g ^-1电流密度下,经过120周充放电循环后其放电和充电比容量仍然可以保持在374.5 mAh·g ^-1和359.3 mAh·g ^-1,说明其具有良好倍率性能和循环稳定性能. 良好的电化学性能归因于这种独特的碳纳米管原位封装Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒结构. 碳纳米管不但可以提高复合材料的导电性,也可以缓冲Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒在反复充放电过程中产生的体积膨胀效应,明显改善了Ni₃S₂@CNT负极复合材料的电化学性能.     

石墨炔-有机共轭分子复合材料的制备及其储锂性能

发展了基于超分子化学的新方法实现了对石墨炔的原位氮掺杂,通过利用石墨炔与有机共轭分子间强的π–π作用,原位制备了石墨炔/卟吩复合材料薄膜,并用作锂离子电池的负极材料,其比容量增加到了1000 mAh∙g⁻¹,该复合材料表现出优良的倍率性能和循环稳定性,为可控制备掺氮石墨炔复合材料提供了新的思路。     

层间阴离子对四元水滑石超分子作用力的影响

构建一价阴离子(X=F^?, Cl^?, Br^?, I^?, NO₃^?, OH^?)插层铜锌镁铝四元水滑石(CuZnMgAl-X)周期性计算模型, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 选取CASTEP程序模块, 对体系进行几何全优化, 从结合能、结构参数、Mulliken布居、氢键布居、态密度等角度研究了不同层间阴离子的分布形态以及其对主客体间超分子作用的影响. 结果表明, 随着CuZnMgAl-X体系层间阴离子电负性的减弱, 电子逐渐从层间阴离子向层板发生转移, 主客体间静电作用力逐渐减小, 氢键强度逐渐降低, 禁带宽度逐渐变窄, 体系电子更易向高能级发生跃迁, 稳定性逐渐下降. 此外, Cu的掺杂使得CuZnMgAl-X 体系的价带顶向高能量处发生偏移, 禁带宽度较传统水滑石体系更窄,稳定性更低, 进一步解释了含铜水滑石较难合成的原因.     

C_(60)与MoO_3混合材料做空穴注入层的单层有机电致发光器件

我们制备研究了基于结构为氧化铟锡(ITO)/C_(60)(1.2nm):MoO_3(0.4nm)/1,3,5-三(1-苯基-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯(TPBi):三(2-苯基吡啶)铱[Ir(ppy)_3](33%,90 nm)/LiF (0.7 nm)/Al (120 nm)的高效绿色磷光单层有机发光二极管(OLED)。分别将C_(60),MoO_3与C_(60):MoO_3混合物作为空穴注入层(HIL)作为对比。TPBi在发光层中起着主体以及电子传输材料的双重作用。在使用电子传输型主体的单层OLED中,空穴注入层性质对于调节电子/空穴注入以获得电荷载流子传输平衡起重要作用。因此,适当调节空穴注入层是实现高效单层OLED的关键因素。由于MoO_3较大的电子亲和能(6.37 eV)会诱导电子从C_(60)的最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)能级转移至MoO_3,从而形成C_(60)阳离子,并使得Mo元素的价态从+6降至+5,C_(60):MoO_3混合就可以较好的调节空穴注入性质。最终实现最大电流效率为35.88 cd·A~(-1)的单层有机发光器件。     

Efficient and Low-voltage Phosphorescent Organic Light-emitting Devices Based on Blue Iridium Complex Host

By adopting a phosphorescent host/guest system consisting of blue iridium complex as host and a series of phosphorescent dyes as guest, efficient and low-voltage monochromic organic light-emitting devices(OLEDs) were fabricated. The devices with blue iridium host have higher power efficiency than the device with the conventional host 4,4'-N,N'-dicarbazole-biphenyl. The enhancement of the maximum power efficiency in green phosphorescent device can reach 37.2%. Dichromatic white OLED could be achieved by simply adjusting the concentration of the orange dyes. At a brightness of 1000 cd/m², the power efficiency of the white device is 8.4 lm/W with a color rendering index of 76.     

一步法合成螺双芴及螺氧杂蒽衍生物及其在有机发光二极管中的应用：性能增强及相关的光学现象关

以芴为原料,以钯为催化剂一步合成了2-(9-苯基芴基)-9,9′螺二芴(PF-SBF)。以PF-SBF作为有机发光二极管的发光及主体材料(FIrpic为磷光客体)时,观察到了不同于PF-SBF及FIrpic发光的红光带。这分别源于PF-SBF分子间的聚集和发光层/传输层诱导的激基复合物。通过选择合适的空穴和电子传输层,有效抑制了激基复合物的发光。同时,PF-SBF和TAPC双主体的结构不仅实现了纯FIrpic和Ir(ppy)3蓝光和绿光,还大幅提升了器件性能。蓝光、绿光器件的最大电流效率和最大亮度分达到16.7、50.5 cd·A^-1和7857 cd·m^-2(11 V)、23390 cd·m^-2(8 V)。另外,除了PF-SBF,利用相似的合成方法,我们也合成了2-(9-苯基芴基)-9,9′螺芴氧杂蒽(PF-SFX),其较大的三线态能级(2.8 eV)较PF-SBF更适合做蓝光主体。以TAPC和PFSFX为双主体的器件最大电流效率提升到了22.6 cd·A^-1。所有实验结果均表明,PF-SBF和PF-SFX是构建高效绿光/蓝光磷光主体材料的有效结构单元。     

Insight into the Structural Variation and Sodium Storage Behavior of Polyoxometalates Encapsulated within Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

The host–guest interaction can remarkably alter the physiochemical properties of composite materials. It is crucial to clarify the mechanism by revealing the influence of the host on the electronic structure of the guest molecules. Herein, we study the structural variation of polyoxometalates (POMs) after being confined in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). What we found is that in addition to the reported charge transfer from SWNT to POM, an intramolecular electron transfer within a single POM cluster can be observed in the POM@SWNT composites. Moreover, the charge density on the bridged oxygen of POMs is prominently enhanced. The structural change and electron reconfiguration of POMs upon encapsulation in SWNT significantly speed up electron and ion transport, leading to the improved electrochemical performance for sodium ions storage.     

Energy and electron transfer from fluorescent mesostructured organosilica framework to guest dyes

Energy and electron transfer from frameworks of nanoporous or mesostructured materials to guest species in the nanochannels have been attracting much attention because of their increasing availability for the design and construction of solid photofunctional systems, such as luminescent materials, photovoltaic devices, and photocatalysts. In the present study, energy and electron-transfer behavior of dye-doped periodic mesostructured organosilica films with different host-guest arrangements were systematically examined. Fluorescent tetraphenylpyrene (TPPy)-silica mesostructured films were used as a host donor. The location of guest perylene bisimide (PBI) dye molecules, acting as an acceptor, could be controlled on the basis of the molecular design of the PBI substituent groups. PBI dyes with bulky substituents and polar anchoring groups were located at the pore surface with low self-aggregation, which induced efficient energy or electron transfer because of the close host-guest arrangement. However, PBI dye with bulky and hydrophobic substituents was located in the center of template surfactant micelles; the fluorescence emission from the host TPPy groups was hardly quenched when the host-guest distance was longer than the critical F?rster radius (ca. 4.5 nm). The relationship between the energy or electron-transfer efficiency and the location of guest species in the channels of mesostructured organosilica was first revealed by molecular design of the PBI substituents.     

聚吡咯@二氧化锰/碳纳米管薄膜电极的制备及在高性能锌离子电池中的应用

中性/弱酸性水系锌锰电池因其能量密度高、价格低廉、环境友好等优势受到广泛关注。然而,现有的二氧化锰正极材料存在导电性能差,在充放电过程中易于溶解等问题。这严重影响了电池的倍率性能和循环稳定性,阻碍了中性锌锰电池的应用。为了解决上述问题,本文设计了以碳纳米管(CNT)网络薄膜为导电基底沉积聚吡咯(PPy)包覆二氧化锰(PPy@MnO₂/CNT)的多级结构电极。碳纳米管和聚吡咯组装形成高比表面积的三维交联导电网络,为活性材料提供了快速的电子、离子传输通道;聚吡咯包覆纳米级二氧化锰能够有效地抑制二氧化锰的溶解,进而提升电池的倍率特性和循环稳定性。以PPy@MnO₂/CNT作为正极材料组装的水系锌锰电池在1 A·g^-1的电流密度下,比容量达到210 mAh·g^-1,循环1000圈后,电池依然具有较高的容量保持率(85.7%)。本工作的导电聚合物包覆活性物质的策略可为发展高稳定柔性储能器件提供新思路。     

Dynamics of electronic polarization in molecular crystals

Dynamics of electronic polarization in the vicinity of charge carriers in molecular crystals is for the first time investigated here in connection with the carrier transport and intramolecular vibronic polarization. According to standard picture it has been assumed that the electronic polarization relaxation time is extremely short, as estimated from the relation τ_c = τ_d1 ≈ h/E_exc, where E_exc is the energy of the first single exciton state. In the case of anthracene (Ac) crystals, the value of τ_e is about 2 × 10⁻¹⁶ s, i.e. by several orders of magnitude shorter than a typical hopping (residence) time of charge carriers τ_h = 10⁻¹⁴ -10⁻¹³ s. It is argued that typical time of full reconstruction of the electronic polarization after individual carrier hops equals, in the slow carrier regime, approximately to t_d2 ≈ h/ΔE_exc is the width of the lowest singlet-exciton band. In Ac, this means t_d2 ≈ 0.73 × 10⁻¹⁴ s. Physical implications of this relatively high value of t_d2 in connection with carrier transport and molecular (vibronic) polarization are discussed.     

Theoretical Characterization of Charge Transport in One‐Dimensional Collinear Arrays of Organic Conjugated Molecules

A great deal of interest has recently focused on host–guest systems consisting of one‐dimensional collinear arrays of conjugated molecules encapsulated in the channels of organic or inorganic matrices. Such architectures allow for controlled charge and energy migration processes between the interacting guest molecules and are thus attractive in the field of organic electronics. In this context, we characterize here at a quantum‐chemical level the molecular parameters governing charge transport in the hopping regime in 1D arrays built with different types of molecules. We investigate the influence of several parameters (such as the symmetry of the molecule, the presence of terminal substituents, and the molecular size) and define on that basis the molecular features required to maximize the charge carrier mobility within the channels. In particular, we demonstrate that a strong localization of the molecular orbitals in push–pull compounds is generally detrimental to the charge transport properties.     

Guest and host deuterium effects of the large ZFS parameters D of dimethylbenzaldehydes in durene single crystals

The ZFS parameters D of 2,4-, 2,5- and 3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde-1h₁ and -1d₁ guests in perhydrogenated and perdeuterated durene single crystals are determined by comparing the experimental and calculated resonance curves. It is found that the deuterium substitution of the guest aldehydic group in a given host leads to the decrease of the D values and to the increase of the energy gaps ΔE_T between the zero-point levels of the ³nπ* and ³ππ* states of the guests. On the other hand, the perdeuteration of the host results in the decrease of ΔE_T with a corresponding increase of the D value of a given guest. The D value of 1 cm⁻¹ determined for 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde-1h₁ in perdeuterated durene is the lategest ever found for an aromatic carbonyl compound. Correlations between D and ΔE_T indicate that the ZFS parameters D of the guests are determined by contributions from both spin-spin and spin-orbit interactions between the ³nπ* and ³ππ* states. The large guest and host deuterium effects observed on the D values are attributed to the changes of the gaps ΔE_T of the guests.     

Involvement of unusual noncovalent interactions in the self-assembly of cucurbit[6]uril with[CdCl4]2- anions

The [CdCl_4]~(2-) anion as a structure inducer has proved to be useful in the construction of cucurbit[n]urilmetal coordination architectures and materials. In order to better understand the role and influence of the structure inducer in Q[n] systems, we report herein the self-assembly of Q[6] solely in the presence of[CdCl_4]~(2-)anions and in the presence of both a linear cationic organic guest and [CdCl_4]~(2-)anions. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that 1D Q[6] porous channels were formed by the noncovalent interactions between Q[6] and [CdCl_4]~(2-)anions, but the ‘‘honeycomb effect' was not observed in the present study.However, it seems that the ‘‘honeycomb effect' and the self-assembly of Q[6] with [CdCl_4]~(2-)anions can be significantly modified and switched in the presence of a linear cationic dibutylamine guest through some unusual noncovalent interactions.