Influence of current pulse shape on directly modulated system performance in metro area optical networks

Due to the fact that a metro network market is very cost sensitive, direct modulated schemes appear attractive. In this paper a CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system is studied in detail by means of an Optical Communication System Design Software; a detailed study of the modulated current shape (exponential, sine and gaussian) for 2.5 Gb/s CWDM Metropolitan Area Networks is performed to evaluate its tolerance to linear impairments such as signal-to-noise-ratio degradation and dispersion. Point-to-point links are investigated and optimum design parameters are obtained. Through extensive sets of simulation results, it is shown that some of these shape pulses are more tolerant to dispersion when compared with conventional gaussian shape pulses. In order to achieve a low Bit Error Rate (BER), different types of optical transmitters are considered including strongly adiabatic and transient chirp dominated Directly Modulated Lasers (DMLs). We have used fibers with different dispersion characteristics, showing that the system performance depends, strongly, on the chosen DML-fiber couple.     

利用电光FM调制抑制零级中心频带——实现超高频Radio over Fiber通信

提出了一种有效抑制零级中心频带方案,并证实了该方案的可行性,给出了基于该方案的单工Radio over Fiber (RoF)通信系统.通过光通信系统软件Optisystem5.0仿真模拟结果显示：光源发送功率为5 dBm,途中无光放大,24 GHz的超高频微波信号在色散系数为20 ps/nm/km、衰减系数为0.25 dB/km的单模光纤中传输,系统码元传输速率可达5 Gbit/s、传输距离15 km以上.     

基于高阶色散管理和相位共轭技术的色散补偿

相位共轭技术能够同时且高效地补偿二阶色散及非线性效应，且该技术同信号比特率、调制方式无关，是最有前景的色散补偿技术之一。理论分析了在高阶色散作用下，超短高斯脉冲信号在中距相位共轭通信系统中的传输演化特性，数值模拟了在二阶、三阶和四阶色散作用下，飞秒高斯脉冲信号在基于中距相位共轭技术的光纤色散管理链中的动态传输过程。结果表明，相位共轭技术和高阶色散管理相结合，不仅可以补偿和复原包括奇数阶和偶数阶色散在内的全部色散和非线性所引入的信号失真和畸变，而且能够减弱时分复用系统中脉冲之间的相互作用，使得信号在传输一个周期后恢复波形，从而提高了相位共轭系统对失真信号的补偿性能。     

Assessment of Fiber Chromatic Dispersion Based on Elimination of Second-Order Harmonics in Optical OFDM Single Sideband Modulation Using Mach Zehnder Modulator

This work addresses the analytical and numerical investigations of the transmission performance of an optical Single Sideband (SSB) modulation technique generated by a Mach Zehnder Modulator (MZM) with a 90° and 120° hybrid coupler. It takes into account the problem of chromatic dispersion in single mode fibers in Passive Optical Networks (PON), which severely degrades the performance of the system. Considering the transmission length of the fiber, the SSB modulation generated by maintaining a phase shift of π/2 between the two electrodes of the MZM provides better receiver sensitivity. However, the power of higher-order harmonics generated due to the nonlinearity of the MZM is directly proportional to the modulation index, making the SSB look like a quasi-double sideband (DSB) and causing power fading due to chromatic dispersion. To eliminate one of the second-order harmonics, the SSB signal based on an MZM with a 120° hybrid coupler is simulated. An analytical model of conventional SSB using 90° and 120° hybrid couplers is established. The latter suppresses unwanted (upper/lower) first-order and second-order (lower/upper) sidebands. For the analysis, a varying quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal with a data rate of 5 Gb/s is upconverted using both of the SSB techniques and is transmitted over a distance of 75 km in Single Mode Fiber (SMF). The simulation results show that the SSB with 120° hybrid coupler proves to be more immune to chromatic dispersion as compared to the conventional SSB technique. This is in tandem with the theoretical analysis presented in the article.     

A comparison of laser ultrasound measurements and finite element simulations for evaluating the elastic properties of tissue mimicking phantoms

Advances in the field of laser ultrasonics have opened up new possibilities in medical applications. This paper presents a finite element modelling technique, which studies laser generated surface acoustic waves in different concentration of soft tissue mimicking agar-agar phantoms. In addition, we propose a novel approach that utilises a low coherence interferometer to detect the laser-induced surface acoustic waves from the tissue mimicking phantoms. A Nd:YAG focused laser line-source is applied to the agar-agar phantoms, which as the same with the FE simulation. The generated SAW signals are detected by a time domain low coherence interferometry system. SAW phase velocity dispersion curves from both of the FE simulation and experiment are calculated. By comparison, we show that the experimental results agree well with those of the FE simulation and theoretical expectations. This study is the first report that a laser-generated SAW phase velocity dispersion technique is applied to soft materials. This technique may open a way for laser ultrasonics to detect the mechanical properties of soft tissues, such as skin.     

折射率直流分量调制对光纤Bragg光栅的影响

从耦合模理论出发,推导了折射率直流分量调制函数与光纤Bragg光栅相位之间的关系式,分析了折射率直流分量调制对光纤Bragg光栅时延特性的影响.利用传输矩阵法进行了数值仿真,仿真结果与理论分析一致.在理论分析基础上,提出采用同一块均匀相位掩膜版灵活制作具有不同线性或非线性时延特性的啁啾光纤光栅的方法,可用于高速光通信系统中不同色散和色散斜率的补偿.     

High spectral-efficiency 100Gbit/s transmission using DRZ,DQPSK, and PoISK three dimension orthogonal modulation

We propose and demonstrate a new 4-bit/symbol optical data format based on simultaneously modulating dark return-to-zero (DRZ), differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) and polarization-shift-keying (PoISK) for 100Gbit/s applications. Through numerical simulation, we show the differential tolerance of the three dimension modulation format toward polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and chromatic dispersion. The receiver sensitivities of three different combined modulation formats, with those of DRZ, DQPSK and PoISK, are compared respectively, while extinction ratio of DRZ is changed. The proposed three dimension orthogonal modulation format has a more compact spectrum and is more tolerant to phase noise compared with DQPSK for 100Gbit/s transmission.     

Comparative analysis of long-haul system based on SSB modulation utilising dual parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators

In this paper, we have proposed a long-haul optical transmission system, based on a single sideband (SSB) modulation scheme. Analytical and simulation models have been developed, optimised and demonstrated for the proposed SSB system configurations. The SSB modulation scheme was proposed to overcome dispersion in the fibre. We have shown that the related link losses can be minimized by increasing the quality of the optical signal at the modulation. We have optimised the radio over fibre configuration scheme based on dual parallel dual drive Mach–Zehnder Modulator, thereby increasing transmission length of the fibre. With the proposed SSB, by suppressing some of the harmonics and cancelling one of the sidebands, we have halved the RF power fading and interference. The developed analytical (theoretical/mathematical) model agrees very well with the simulation results using two (both) different commercial simulation tools. The optical signal is boosted while minimizing the number of repeaters. We report a SSB configuration, compensation and amplification with individual spans of 150 km, by extending the length of the link up to 3250 km. The proposed system configuration exhibits high performance with less complexity and lower cost.     

Two-dimensional Yukawa liquids: correlation and dynamics

A combined theoretical and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study of the collective modes and their dispersion in a two-dimensional Yukawa system in the strongly coupled liquid state is presented. The theoretical analysis relies upon the quasilocalized charge approximation; the MD simulation generates static pair correlation functions and dynamical current-current correlation spectra.     

基于超表面的多光谱成像系统设计

超表面是一种人工制造的亚波长结构阵列平面,重量轻,易集成,可实现多种功能,被广泛应用于诸多领域。传统光谱成像系统依赖于色散元件及光程累积相位差实现不同波长的色散与聚焦,无法满足系统集成化需求。不同于传统光学元件依赖电磁波在介质中传播累积相位差,超表面依靠界面相位变化来进行相位调控,可实现十分轻薄的光学系统。研究传输相位型超表面,使用时域有限差分算法(FDTD算法)优化单元结构。将超表面引入光谱成像系统中,通过优化亚波长结构尺寸,进行结构排布,开展超表面光谱成像系统研究,实现多波长色散与聚焦独立调控。利用该方法,扫描不同单元结构参数对相位的影响,依照聚焦的相位分布针对不同波长设计对应的位相分布,仿真实现了一个波段范围为510～720 nm,焦距为2 mm,谱段数为八个的超表面多光谱成像系统。通过电磁仿真软件FDTD solutions和数据处理软件计算全模结构电场的远场分布,并分析了系统的成像性能。相比于传统光栅或棱镜分光结构,超表面光谱成像系统可有效减小系统体积,其超轻、超薄、便携特点解决了现有光谱成像系统的应用局限性,为小型化、轻量化光谱成像系统的研制提供了一种新的解决方案。     

系统中基于快速扫描光学延迟线的色散补偿

分析了光学相干层析成像(Optical Coherence Temography,OCT)系统中色散失配对系统纵向分辨率的影响,详细阐述了快速扫描光学延迟线(Rapid Scanning Optical Delay Line,RSOD)的色散性质,提出并采用基于RSOD的色散补偿方法,实验验证了这种色散补偿方法能够实现OCT系统的纵向分辨率接近于理论值,并因此得到了高质量的OCT图像.     

Electronic compensator for 100-Gb/s PDM-CO-OFDM long-haul transmission systems

We study an electronic compensator (EC) as a receiver for a 100-Gb/s polarization division multiplexing coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (PDM-CO-OFDM) system without optical dispersion compensation.EC,including electrical dispersion compensation (EDC),least squares channel estimation and compensation (LSCEC),and phase compensation (PC),is used to compensate for chromatic dispersion (CD),phase noise,polarization mode dispersion (PMD),and channel impairments,respectively.Simulations show that EC is highly effective in compensating for those impairments and that the performance is close to the theoretical limitation of optical signal-to-noise rate (OSNR),CD,and PMD.Its robustness against those transmission impairments and fiber nonlinearity are also systematically studied.     

Isotropic-nematic interface and wetting in suspensions of colloidal platelets

We study interfacial phenomena in a colloidal dispersion of sterically stabilized gibbsite platelets, exhibiting coexisting isotropic and nematic phases separated by a sharp horizontal interface. The nematic phase wets a vertical glass wall and polarized light micrographs reveal homeotropic surface anchoring both at the free isotropic-nematic interface and at the wall. On the basis of complete wetting of the wall by the nematic phase, as found in our density functional calculations and computer simulations, we analyze the balance between Frank elasticity and surface anchoring near the contact line. Because of weak surface anchoring, the director field in the capillary rise region is uniform. From the measured rise (6 microm) of the meniscus at the wall we determine the isotropic-nematic surface tension to be 3 nN/m, in quantitative agreement with our theoretical and simulation results.     

Simultaneous dispersion and non-linearity compensation with mid-span optical phase conjugation and distributed Raman amplifier for a sub-carrier multiplexed optical transmission link

Optical phase conjugation (OPC) and distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) combination (OPC-DRA) is demonstrated as a potential enabling solution for simultaneous reduction of fiber non-linearities and dispersion compensation of a sub-carrier multiplexed (SCM) optical transmission link. The present work is focused on the use of OPC-DRA combination for system performance improvement in terms of composite second order distortion (CSO) and carrier to noise ratio (CNR) of the SCM link. The analysis further shows that, introduction of DRA with proper pumping scheme significantly reduce fiber non-linearity resulting in improvement of the system performance in terms of CNR, compared to the situation where only mid-way optical phase conjugation is used.     

Impact of higher order dispersion on Photonically assisted optical millimeter-wave generated using dual parallel electro-optic modulators

In this work, Author investigated the impact of higher order fiber dispersion terms upto third order (3OD) on optical mm-wave generated using two parallel Mach Zehnder Modulators (MZMs). Individual and combined effect of the second order- (2OD) and third order-(3OD) is studied theoretically and experimentally. Expression of fiber dispersion for proposed model is derived using the method of expansion of Bessel function & Taylor series theory. Effect of RF-driven voltage applied to MZM is discussed and analyzed for Optical Sideband Suppression Ratio (OSSR) and Radio Frequency Spurious Suppression Ratio (RFSSR). The Q-factor, Bit Error Rate (BER) and Eye pattern are investigated for ITU's G.655 fiber. Experimental and simulation analysis verified the theoretical analysis.     

Damping of internal soliton modes in media with quadratic nonlinearity

Optical solitons in media with quadratic nonlinearity and frequency dispersion are theoretically analyzed. Internal soliton modes and the rate of their radiative damping as a function of detuning from the phase-matching condition and the nonlinear shift of phase velocity for different soliton dimensions (d=1, 2, 3) are found. The length of a nonlinear medium required to form a stationary soliton is determined.     

基于超结构光纤光栅的全光编解码性能分析

分析了光码分多址(OCDMA)系统中超结构光纤光栅(SSFBG)编解码器的相关特性, 考虑了输入脉冲宽度、SSFBG编解码光栅之间的波长偏移以及光栅的折射率调制振幅对全光编解码性能的影响。结果表明, 随着输入脉冲宽度和编解码光栅之间的波长偏移量的增加, 自相关峰值旁瓣比和自互相关峰值比下降, 即编解码性能出现下降; 编解码器的插入损耗和相关性能间存在矛盾, 需要折中考虑SSFBG折射率调制振幅的选取。建立了基于SSFBG编解码器的时域相位编码OCDMA系统的数学模型, 考虑了差拍噪声、多址干扰、接收机噪声以及接收机的带宽限制对系统性能的影响, 采用全光阈值技术和turbo编码来提高相干扩时OCDMA的系统性能。     

基于衍射光学元件色散特征的三维建模系统

为了重建复杂形状的三维物体,在此提出了一种便捷的基于衍射光学元件（DOE）色散成像特性的三维建模算法,该算法在一种新型的三维建模系统中实现,它充分利用了DOE在红外波段的模式投影和探测.给出了重建复杂形状的三维物体的仿真试验结果,证明该算法及系统的有效性和可行性.     

On turbulent chemical explosions into dilute aluminum particle clouds

We use a hybrid two-phase numerical methodology to investigate the flow-field subsequent to the detonation of a spherical charge of TNT with an ambient distribution of a dilute cloud of aluminum particles. Rayleigh–Taylor instability ensues on the contact surface that separates the inner detonation products and the outer shock-compressed air due to interphase interaction, which grows in time and results in a mixing layer where the detonation products afterburn with the air. At early times, the ambient particles are completely engulfed into the detonation products, where they pick up heat and ignite, pick up momentum and disperse. Subsequently, as they disperse radially outwards, they interact with the temporally growing Rayleigh–Taylor structures, and the vortex rings around the hydrodynamic structures results in the clustering of the particles by also introducing local transverse dispersion. Then the particles leave the mixing layer and quench, yet preserve their hydrodynamic ‘footprint’ even until much later; due to this clustering, preferential heating and combustion of particles is observed. With a higher initial mass loading in the ambient cloud, larger clusters are observed due to stronger/larger hydrodynamic structures in the mixing layer – a direct consequence of more particles available to perturb the contact surface initially. With a larger particle size in the initial cloud, clustering is not observed, but when the initial cloud is wider, fewer and degenerate clusters are observed. We identify five different phases in the dispersion of the particles: (1) engulfment phase; (2) hydrodynamic instability-interaction phase; (3) first vortex-free dispersion phase; (4) reshock phase; and (5) second vortex-free dispersion phase. Finally, a theoretical Buoyancy-Drag model is used to predict the growth pattern of the ‘bubbles’ and is in agreement with the simulation results. Overall, this study has provided some useful insights on the post-detonation explosive dispersal of dilute aluminum particle clouds.     

Multipulse operation regime in a self-mode-locked Cr:forsterite femtosecond laser

We report the observation of pulse splitting generated from a self-mode-locked Cr⁴⁺:forsterite laser operating near zero group-velocity dispersion. This new behavior of a femtosecond Cr⁴⁺:forsterite laser could be due to a combination of self-phase modulation, group-velocity dispersion and higher-order phase dispersion inside the laser cavity. The experimental study shows that large third- and fourth-order dispersion inside the cavity leads to the splitting of the solitary pulse into two or three identical pulses, and the results fit reasonably well with those of theoretical calculations.