Exergetic aspects of high-speed boundary layers

Exergy is an established concept for evaluating heat cycles. It quantifies the available work that can be extracted from a system. The extension of the classical definition to non-uniform flow field properties is applied here to high-speed boundary layers. The destruction of exergy is quantified by the corresponding loss thickness and is evaluated locally. Turbulent fluctuations in this approach are described by their turbulent exergy, which is a generalisation of the concept of turbulent kinetic energy for incompressible flow. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Stationary functions and their applications to turbulence II. Turbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations

The first part of this article is devoted to the theory of stationary functions (functions which have a temporal mean value and a correlation function), and to the construction of stationary functions. The class of pseudorandom functions is closely related to the uniformly distributed sequences modulo 1, which constitute a sort of simulation of random variables uniformly distributed over (0, 1) [J. Bass, Stationary Functions and Their Applications to the Theory of Turbulence. I. Stationary Functions, J. Math. Anal. Appl.47 (1973)].The second part consists of the application of the above theory to the turbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. In a preliminary discussion, the various attempts at a theory of turbulence are compared. The nature of probabilistic concepts is discussed, and the role of temporal mean values is illustrated. The importance of the local structure of the turbulent oscillations is emphasized, as much for its technical necessity in the resolution of differential equations as for its physical significance. The construction of a good function-space, containing the “turbulent functions,” is explained. For a flow “permanent in the mean” this function-space corresponds to the asymptotic properties (when t → ∞) of the turbulence, and it does not depend on the boundary conditions.The method of resolution is then applied to the model of the Burgers equation, which can be completely solved.In the case of the general Navier-Stokes equations for an incompressible fluid, the same method gives a class of turbulent solutions, which are deduced from analytic solutions of the equations of permanent motion by a transformation due to R. Berker. The turbulent velocity is given by an expansion in powers of a pseudorandom function. But the solutions obtained are not purely turbulent. They contain a turbulent component and a periodic component, which results from the nonlinear character of the given equation; this seems to be unavoidable.In the case of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations, it is easy to write purely turbulent solutions. They are the sum of a potential term, and of a term containing vorticity, a solution of the homogenous equations (without pressure).     

Implementation of near-wall boundary conditions for modeling boundary layers with free-stream turbulence

The paper is devoted to the extension of the near-wall domain decomposition, earlier developed in some previous works by the authors, to modeling flat-plate boundary layers undergoing laminar-to-turbulent bypass transition. The steady-state wall boundary layers at high-intensity free-stream turbulence are studied on the basis of differential turbulence models with the use of non-overlapping domain decomposition. In the approach the near-wall resolution is replaced by the interface boundary conditions of Robin type. In contrast to the previous studies, the main attention is paid to the laminar–turbulent transitional regime. With the use of modified turbulence models we study an effect of free-stream parameters on the development of dynamic processes in the boundary layer including a transitional regime and fully developed turbulent flow. In addition, for the first time a full scale domain decomposition is realized via iterations between the inner and outer subregions until a convergence. The computational profiles of the velocity and intensity of the turbulence kinetic energy are compared with experimental data. A possible range of location of the near-wall interface boundary is found.     

Direct numerical simulation of the laminar–turbulent transition at hypersonic flow speeds on a supercomputer

A method for direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional unsteady disturbances leading to a laminar–turbulent transition at hypersonic flow speeds is proposed. The simulation relies on solving the full three-dimensional unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. The computational technique is intended for multiprocessor supercomputers and is based on a fully implicit monotone approximation scheme and the Newton–Raphson method for solving systems of nonlinear difference equations. This approach is used to study the development of three-dimensional unstable disturbances in a flat-plate and compression-corner boundary layers in early laminar–turbulent transition stages at the free-stream Mach number M = 5.37. The three-dimensional disturbance field is visualized in order to reveal and discuss features of the instability development at the linear and nonlinear stages. The distribution of the skin friction coefficient is used to detect laminar and transient flow regimes and determine the onset of the laminar–turbulent transition.     

Langevin equation of a fluid particle in wall-induced turbulence

We derive the Langevin equation describing the stochastic process of fluid particle motion in wall-induced turbulence (turbulent flow in pipes, channels, and boundary layers including the atmospheric surface layer). The analysis is based on the asymptotic behavior at a large Reynolds number. We use the Lagrangian Kolmogorov theory, recently derived asymptotic expressions for the spatial distribution of turbulent energy dissipation, and also newly derived reciprocity relations analogous to the Onsager relations supplemented with recent measurement results. The long-time limit of the derived Langevin equation yields the diffusion equation for admixture dispersion in wall-induced turbulence.     

Direct numerical simulation of transition in MHD duct flow

Transition in the flow of electrically conducting fluid in a square duct with insulating walls is studied by direct numerical simulations. A uniform magnetic field is applied in the transverse direction. Moderate values of the Reynolds (Re = 5000 ) and Hartmann (Ha = 0 … 30 ) numbers are considered that correspond to the classical Hartmann & Lazarus [1] experiments. It is shown that the laminarization begins in the Hartmann layers, whereas the sidewall layers remain turbulent. Complete re-laminarization occurs in the range of R = Re/Ha ≈︁ 220 , which is in agreement with the H. & L. experiments. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

High order upwind scheme for modelling turbulent shallow water flow in hydraulic structures

An unstructured finite volume model for quasi-2D free surface flow with wet-dry fronts and turbulence modelling is presented. The convective flux is discretised with either a an hybrid second-order/first-order scheme, or a fully second order scheme, both of them upwind Godunov's schemes based on Roe's average. The hybrid scheme uses a second order discretisation for the two unit discharge components, whilst keeping a first order discretisation for the water depth [2]. In such a way the numerical diffusion is much reduced, without a significant reduction on the numerical stability of the scheme, obtaining in such a way accurate and stable results. It is important to keep the numerical diffusion to a minimum level without loss of numerical stability, specially when modelling turbulent flows, because the numerical diffusion may interfere with the real turbulent diffusion. In order to avoid spurious oscillations of the free surface when the bathymetry is irregular, an upwind discretisation of the bed slope source term [4] with second order corrections is used [2]. In this way a fully second order scheme which gives an exact balance between convective flux and bed slope in the hydrostatic case is obtained. The k – ε equations are solved with either an hybrid or a second order scheme. In all the numerical simulations the importance of using a second order upwind spatial discretisation has been checked [1]. A first order scheme may give rather good predictions for the water depth, but it introduces too much numerical diffusion and therefore, it excessively smooths the velocity profiles. This is specially important when comparing different turbulence models, since the numerical diffusion introduced by a first order upwind scheme may be of the same order of magnitude as the turbulent diffusion. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Turbulent boundary layer on a plate. Reynolds analogy and new formulations of the temperature defect law

A consistent asymptotic theory describing hydrodynamic and thermal turbulent boundary layers on a flat plate in zero pressure gradient is developed. The fact that the flow depends on a limited number of governing parameters allows us to formulate algebraic closure conditions that relate the turbulent shear stress and turbulent heat flux to mean velocity and temperature gradients. As a result of an exact asymptotic solution of the boundary-layer equations, the known laws of the wall for the velocity and temperature and the velocity and temperature defect laws as well as the expressions for the skin-friction coefficient, Stanton number, and Reynolds-analogy factor are obtained. The latter implies two new formulations for the temperature defect law one of which is completely similar to the velocity defect law and does not contain the Stanton number and the turbulent Prandtl number, and the other does not contain the skin-friction coefficient. A heat-transfer law is obtained that relates only thermal quantities. The theoretical conclusions agree well with experimental data. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Parallel linear multigrid by agglomeration for the acceleration of 3D compressible flow calculations on unstructured meshes

In this paper, we report on our recent efforts concerning the design of parallel linear multigrid algorithms for the acceleration of 3-dimensional compressible flow calculations. The multigrid strategy adopted in this study relies on a volume agglomeration principle for the construction of the coarse grids starting from a fine discretization of the computational domain. In the past, this strategy has mainly been studied in the 2-dimensional case for the solution of the Euler equations (see Lallemand et al. [6]), the laminar Navier–Stokes equations (see Mavriplis and Venkatakrishnan [12]) and the turbulent Navier–Stokes equations (see Carré [1], Mavriplis [10] and Francescatto and Dervieux [4]). A first extension to the 3-dimensional case is presented by Mavriplis and Venkatakrishnan in [13] and more recently in Mavriplis and Pirzadeh [11]. The main contribution of the present work is twofold: on the one hand, we demonstrate the successful extension and application of the multigrid by a volume agglomeration principle to the acceleration of complex 3-dimensional flow calculations on unstructured tetrahedral meshes and, on the other hand, we enhance further the efficiency of the methodology through its adaptation to parallel architectures. Moreover, a nontrivial aspect of this work is that the corresponding software developments are taking place in an existing industrial flow solver. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Laws of the wall for velocity and temperature in supersonic turbulent boundary layers

Scaling laws for velocity and temperature profiles in the near-wall region of sub- and supersonic turbulent boundary layers have been developed, which allow us to represent velocity and temperature profiles in compressible gas stream in terms of those in an incompressible boundary layer. They are obtained as asymptotic expansions of the solutions to the Reynolds equations in a small parameter — the Mach number based on the friction velocity and gas enthalpy on the wall. The leading term of the expansion for velocity corresponds to known Van Driest's formula. However, the obtained solution contains additional terms of order unity, which explains the contradiction between Van Driest's formula and experimental data. The law of the wall for temperature, which has been formulated for the first time, has an analogous structure. Besides the von Kármán constant and the turbulent Prandtl number in the logarithmic region, known for incompressible flow, the obtained relations contain three new universal constants, which do not depend on gas molecular properties and the specific heat ratio. (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Stationary single waves in turbulent open-channel flow

Steady two-dimensional turbulent open-channel flow is considered. Stationary single-wave solutions are investigated. The fully-developed oncoming flow is slightly supercritical. The Reynolds number is very large. The analysis is kept free of turbulence modelling. As stationary solitary waves cannot exist in turbulent flow for a plane bottom with constant roughness [1], two particular perturbations of the conditions at the channel bottom are examined: 1) We revisit the case [1] where the friction coefficient locally differs slightly by a constant from the reference value upstream; 2) An unevenness of very small height in the channel bottom (bump, ramp) is admitted, with the bottom roughness taken constant. An analogy between these cases is presented. In both cases, three stationary solutions for the surface elevation are found: A stable and an unstable solitary wave, respectively, and a single wave of a second kind with smaller amplitude. For the latter, an analysis for weak dissipation yields a uniformly valid solution that is in good agreement with the numerical results for various parameters. (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

DNS and Experiment of a Turbulent Channel Flow with StreamwiseRotation - Study of the Cross Flow Phenomena

Modelling of rotating turbulent flows is a major issue in engineering applications. Intensive research has been dedicated to rotating channel flows in spanwise direction such as by [1], [2] to name only two. In this work a turbulent channel flow rotating about the streamwise direction is presented. The theory is based on the investigations of [4] employing the symmetry theory. It was found that a cross flow in the spanwise direction is induced. A series of direct numerical simulations (DNS) at different rotation numbers is carried out to examine these effects. Further, the results of the DNS are compared to the measuremets of a corresponding experiment. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Vortex breakdown in turbulent pipe flows

In many technical applications turbulent flows with embedded slender vortices exist. Depending on the boundary conditions vortex breakdown can occur. The purpose of this work is to develop and implement a solution scheme for large‐eddy simulations of vortex breakdown in turbulent pipe flows. One of the main problems in this simulation is the formulation of the inflow boundary condition for a fully developed turbulent flow with an embedded vortex. For that purpose a rescaling technique is developed in which a solution at a downstream location is inserted at the inflow boundary after an appropriate rescaling. To determine rescaling laws for pipe flows with an embedded vortex, analytical velocity profiles of swirling flows are first prescribed in a laminar flow. From the spatial development of the vortex a scaling law is deduced. In a next step this procedure is to be transferred to turbulent flows.     

Mixed convection turbulent film condensation on a sphere

The present paper reports a research on condensation heat transfer of an isothermal sphere with an external flow of vapor. The high tangential velocity of the vapor flow is determined from potential flow theory. The transition criterion of the onset turbulence has been given in the local film Reynolds number (Re_Γ). An eddy diffusivity model along with an expression by [H. Kato, N.N. Shiwaki, M. Hirota, On the turbulent heat transfer by free convection from a vertical plate, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 11(1968) 1117–1125] is used to model turbulence. And the local liquid–vapor interfacial shear which occurs for high velocity vapor flow across a sphere surface is defined by the Colburn analogy. The paper then presents analytical analysis for the local dimensionless film thickness and heat transfer characteristics for the film condensation. And a comparison with those generated by previous theoretical of laminar condensation is discussed. The comparison shows the heat transfer coefficient of turbulent film condensation is higher than laminar film condensation under the high vapor velocity.     

Turbulence as a nonequilibrium phase transition

The transition from laminar to turbulent flow is studied on the basis of an exact equation for the averaged velocity and an approximate nonlinear equation for the Reynolds stress . The stationary state can be determined from the condition of minimum of a functional that is analogous to the Landau functional in the theory of phase transitions. The Reynolds stress plays the role of a parameter. It is shown that a nontrivial solution for corresponding to a steady turbulent regime exists only for Reynolds numbersR that exceed a certain critical valueR _cr. The results of a numerical calculation of the profile of the averaged velocity, the friction coefficient, and the Reynolds stress in a wide range of values ofR agree well with experimental data for channel flow.V. A. Steklov Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp. 293–311, August, 1992.     

Spreading of Linear Disturbances in Boundary Layers at Mach Number Five and the Effect of Wall Cooling

We determine inviscid eigensolutions in zero pressure gradient flat plate boundary layers at Mach number five and evaluate the eigensolutions with the method of steepest descent. The resulting wave packets show that with wall cooling the tail of the packets becomes slower. Although the boundary layers investigated are all convectively unstable we interpret the slow tail of the wave packets as a trend towards an absolute instability. From a comparison of the wave packets with turbulent spot transition, we conclude that for wall cooling the general transition properties are close to those of an absolutely unstable flow. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A stochastic method to account for the ambient turbulence in Lagrangian Vortex computations

This paper describes a detailed implementation of the Synthetic Eddy Method (SEM) initially presented in Jarrin et al. (2006) applied to the Lagrangian Vortex simulation. While the treatment of turbulent diffusion is already extensively covered in scientific literature, this is one of the first attempts to represent ambient turbulence in a fully Lagrangian framework. This implementation is well suited to the integration of PSE (Particle Strength Exchange) or DVM (Diffusion Velocity Method), often used to account for molecular and turbulent diffusion in Lagrangian simulations. The adaptation and implementation of the SEM into a Lagrangian method using the PSE diffusion model is presented, and the turbulent velocity fields produced by this method are then analysed. In this adaptation, SEM turbulent structures are simply advected, without stretching or diffusion of their own, over the flow domain. This implementation proves its ability to produce turbulent velocity fields in accordance with any desired turbulent flow parameters. As the SEM is a purely mathematical and stochastic model, turbulent spectra and turbulent length scales are also investigated. With the addition of variation in the turbulent structures sizes, a satisfying representation of turbulent spectra is recovered, and a linear relation is obtained between the turbulent structures sizes and the Taylor macroscale. Lastly, the model is applied to the computation of a tidal turbine wake for different ambient turbulence levels, demonstrating the ability of this new implementation to emulate experimentally observed tendencies.     

Numerical analysis of pressure field on curved self-weighted metallic roofs due to the wind effect by the finite element method

In this paper, an evaluation of distribution of the air pressure is determined throughout the curved and open self-weighted metallic roof due to the wind effect by the finite element method (FEM) [K. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New York, 1996]. Data from experimental tests carried out in a wind tunnel involving a reduced scale model of a roof was used for comparison. The nonlinearity is due to time-averaged Navier–Stokes equations [C.A.J. Fletcher, Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Springer, Berlin, 1991] that govern the turbulent flow. The calculation has been carried out keeping in mind the possibility of turbulent flow in the vicinities of the walls, and speeds of wind have been analyzed between 30 and 40 m/s. Finally, the forces and moments are determined on the cover, as well as the distribution of pressures on the same one, comparing the results obtained with the Spanish and European Standards rules, giving place to the conclusions that are exposed in the study.     

A three-layer asymptotic analysis of turbulent channel flow

In the classical theory for large-Reynolds number fully developed channel flow, the solutions obtained by asymptotic-expansion techniques for the outer Karman defect layer and the inner Prandtl wall layer are demonstrated to match through the introduction of an intermediate layer, based on a general intermediate limit. From an examination of the results for this general intermediate layer, the distinguished intermediate limit and the corresponding intermediate layer for which the turbulent and laminar contributions to the difference of the Reynolds stress from the wall stress are of the same order of magnitude are identified. The thickness of this distinguished intermediate layer is found to be of the order of the geometric mean of the thicknesses of the outer and inner layers