土壤污染程度分析及迁移规律的优化模型

本文根据题中给出的已知数据,对城区五个功能区的8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）的浓度及分布范围,利用matlab软件中插值计算法和绘图功能,绘出了重金属元素在该城区的空间分布图．再运用变异系数值法初步估算出了每个功能区8种元素的变异系数值分析功能区重金属浓度超标情况,进而选用地累积指数法作优化模型,定量分析该城区内不同区域重金属的污染程度．根据采样的现有数据,分析了重金属在土壤中的传播特性,分析了重金属污染物在进入土壤环境系统后的迁移规律,阐述了土壤中重金属传播规律．     

Estimates for the lowest eigenvalue of a star graph

We derive new estimates for the lowest eigenvalue of the Schrödinger operator associated with a star graph in R². We achieve this by a variational method and a procedure for identifying test functions which are sympathetic to the geometry of the star graph.     

广义星符号模式的秩

一个符号模式是一个元素取自于集合{ ,-,0)的矩阵.如果符号模式A是组合对称的, 且它的图是一个广义星图,则称A是广义星符号模式.对于任意的广义星符号模式(可能有非零对角元),本文给出其最小秩的界.     

Lévy-Driven Carma Processes

Properties and examples of continuous-time ARMA (CARMA) processes driven by Lévy processes are examined. By allowing Lévy processes to replace Brownian motion in the definition of a Gaussian CARMA process, we obtain a much richer class of possibly heavy-tailed continuous-time stationary processes with many potential applications in finance, where such heavy tails are frequently observed in practice. If the Lévy process has finite second moments, the correlation structure of the CARMA process is the same as that of a corresponding Gaussian CARMA process. In this paper we make use of the properties of general Lévy processes to investigate CARMA processes driven by Lévy processes {W(t)} without the restriction to finite second moments. We assume only that W (1) has finite r-th absolute moment for some strictly positive r. The processes so obtained include CARMA processes with marginal symmetric stable distributions.     

Nonlinear dynamics and intermittency in a long-term copepod time series

We consider the nonlinear dynamics of a long-term copepod (small crustaceans) time series sampled weekly in the Mediterranean sea from 1967 to 1992. Such population dynamics display a high variability that we consider here in an interdisciplinary study, using tools borrowed from the field of statistical physics. We analyse the extreme events of male and female abundances, and of the total population, and show that they both have heavy tailed probability density functions (pdf). We provide hyperbolic fits of the form p(x) ∼ 1/x^μ+1, and estimate the value of μ using Hill’s estimator. We then study the ratio of male to female abundances, compared to the female abundances. Using conditional probability density functions and conditional averages, we show that this ratio is independent of the female density, when the latter is larger than a given threshold. This property is very useful for modelization. We also consider the product of male to female abundances, which can be ecologically related to the encounters. We show that this product is extremely intermittent, and link its pdf to the female pdf.     

Quaternion non-linear filter for estimation of rotating body attitude

A problem of optimal estimation of a rotating vehicle's attitude with both differential equations of motion and observations of stars by onboard equipment is considered. The problem is formulated like a determinate non-linear Kalman filter problem in quaternion terms. An exact analytical solution of the problem is also found in quaternion terms. Various types of solutions in accordance with a mutual arrangement of observed stars are presented. An example of only one observed star is demonstrated to support the method. The method is also suited for geodetic applications, e.g. geodetic positioning and navigation systems.     

Limit Theory for the Sample Autocovariance for Heavy-Tailed Stationary Infinitely Divisible Processes Generated by Conservative Flows

This study aim to develop limit theorems on the sample autocovariances and sample autocorrelations for certain stationary infinitely divisible processes. We consider the case where the infinitely divisible process has heavy tail marginals and is generated by a conservative flow. Interestingly, the growth rate of the sample autocovariances is determined not only by heavy tailedness of the marginals but also by the memory length of the process. Although this feature was first observed by Resnick et al. (Stoch Process Appl 85:321–339, 2000) for some very specific processes, we will propose a more general framework from the viewpoint of infinite ergodic theory. Consequently, the asymptotics of the sample autocovariances can be more comprehensively discussed.     

Optimal Control of Point Processes with Noisy Observations: The Maximum Principle

This paper studies the optimal control problem for point processes with Gaussian white-noised observations. A general maximum principle is proved for the partially observed optimal control of point processes, without using the associated filtering equation . Adjoint flows—the adjoint processes of the stochastic flows of the optimal system—are introduced, and their relations are established. Adjoint vector fields , which are observation-predictable, are introduced as the solutions of associated backward stochastic integral-partial differential equtions driven by the observation process. In a heuristic way, their relations are explained, and the adjoint processes are expressed in terms of the adjoint vector fields, their gradients and Hessians, along the optimal state process. In this way the adjoint processes are naturally connected to the adjoint equation of the associated filtering equation . This shows that the conditional expectation in the maximum condition is computable through filtering the optimal state, as usually expected. Some variants of the partially observed stochastic maximum principle are derived, and the corresponding maximum conditions are quite different from the counterpart for the diffusion case. Finally, as an example, a quadratic optimal control problem with a free Poisson process and a Gaussian white-noised observation is explicitly solved using the partially observed maximum principle. Accepted 8 August 2001. Online publication 17 December, 2001.     

城市表层土壤重金属污染分析模型

本文先利用Matlab做出各种重金属元素浓度的空间分布图,初步得到土壤重金属污染的状况.接着用内梅罗污染指数法定量的确定土壤重金属污染最严重的地区,并用主成分分析法进行了验证.最后利用灰色-灾变与回归预测的组合模型解决了地质环境的演变问题.     

三维薄区域上MHD方程的渐进分析

在强解全局存在的基础上, 得到了三维薄区域上MHD方程的解(u,h)对任意时间t≥ 0的渐进分析. 当区域厚度ε小时, MHD方程的强解(u,h)可形式展开为u=ū(t)+up+U, h=h(t)+hp+H, t ≥0或u=ū(t)+us+U＊,h=h(t)+hs+H＊,t ≥0,其中(u,h) 是2D-3C MHD 方程的解, (u_p,h_p) 是P-S MHD 方程的解, u,h 分别是两个Stokes方程的解, (U,H),(U＊,H＊)是仅依赖于初始数据的两个函数对. (U,H)和(U＊,H＊)关于区域厚度\varepsilon是小的, (u_p,h_p)和u,h更小;证明了上述形式展开的收敛性.     

Real time estimation of stochastic volatility processes

Autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) processes and their extensions known as generalized ARCH (GARCH) processes are widely accepted for modelling financial time series, in particular stochastic volatility processes. The off-line estimation of ARCH and GARCH processes have been analyzed under a variety of conditions in the literature. The main contribution of this paper is a rigorous convergence analysis of a recursive estimation method for GARCH processes with restricted stability margin under reasonable technical conditions. The main tool in the convergence analysis is an appropriate modification of the theory of recursive estimation within a Markovian framework developed in Benveniste et al. (Adaptive Algorithms and Stochastic Approximations. Springer, Berlin, 1990). The basic elements of this theory will also be summarized. The viability of the method will be demonstrated by experimental results both for simulated and real data.     

On the dynamization of data structures

In this paper we present a simple dynamization method that preserves the query and storage costs of a static data structure and ensures reasonable update costs. In this method, the majority of data elements are maintained in a single data structure, and the updates are handled using smaller auxiliary data structures. We analyze the query, storage, and amortized update costs for the dynamic version of a static data structure in terms of a functionf, such thatf(n)<n, that bounds the sizes of the auxiliary data structures (wheren is the number of elements in the data structure). The conditions onf for minimal (with respect to asymptotic upper bounds) amortized update costs are then obtained. The proposed method is shown to be particularly suited for the cases where the merging of two data structures is more efficient than building the resultant data structure from scratch. Its effectiveness is illustrated by applying it to a class of data structures that have linear merging cost; this class consists of data structures such as Voronoi diagrams, K-d trees, quadtrees, multiple attribute trees, etc.     

On the semi-empirical mass-formula and alpha-disintegration energy in the region of heavy and medium heavy nuclides

In the present paper it has been shown that Fermi’s semi-empirical atomic mass-formula is inadequate for the estimation of alpha-disintegration energy in the medium heavy and heavy nuclide-regions. A suitable correction-term has been added to the mass-formula based on Duckworth’s new atomic masses and similar to the one proposed by Stern for heavy elements (A?208). It is seen that the calculated alpha-decay energies are in numerical agreement with the observed data except for the magic number nuclei which can be satisfactorily explained on the nuclear shell-structure. But even in the latter case the agreement with the experimental results is better when the correction-term is used.     

Non-homogeneous solar models with metal enriched envelopes

Solar models with enhancement of heavy elements in the convective envelopes are investigated using the updated input physics. Unlike previous low-Z models that adopt quite low central metal abundance to considerably reduce neutrino fluxes, we investigate the effects of moderate enrichment of heavy elements in the solar convection zone on the solar structure and p-mode oscillations. It is found that the metal enriched models have less massive convection zones with deeper bottom boundaries, and their temperature profiles are systematically lower while the sound speed profiles are higher in the interior and lower in the envelope than that of the standard model. The contamination of heavy elements at different evolution phases is investigated, which results in little influence on the properties of the solar age models. The surface helium abundance is reduced considerably, and is able to approach the seismically determined value when the enhancement of heavy elements in the convection zone is carefully adjusted. The p-mode frequency patterns of our metal enriched models are systematically 10 μHz lower than those of the standard model, and are in better agreement with the results of observations.     

双圈图的Laplace谱跨度

The Laplacian spread of a graph is defined to be the difference between the largest eigenvalue and the second smallest eigenvalue of the Laplacian matrix of the graph. In our recent work, we have determined the graphs with maximal Laplacian spreads among all trees of fixed order and among all unicyclic graphs of fixed order, respectively. In this paper, we continue the work on Laplacian spread of graphs, and prove that there exist exactly two bicyclic graphs with maximal Laplacian spread among all bicyclic graphs of fixed order, which are obtained from a star by adding two incident edges and by adding two nonincident edges between the pendant vertices of the star, respectively.     

Application of the string method to compute minimum energy paths for a chain of bi-stable elements using the finite element method and molecular dynamics

Activated processes are frequently found in solid state mechanics. The energy landscape of such processes show a non-convex behaviour, and therefore the computation of energy barriers between two stable minima is of importance. Such barriers are revealed by computing minimum energy paths. The string method is a simple and efficient algorithm to move curves over an energy landscape and to identify minimum energy paths. A hierarchical two-scale model recently introduced to the literature (molecular dynamics coupled with the finite element method) is used in this paper to investigate the string method in a model phase transition in a copper single crystal. To do so, bi-stable elements are constructed and the energetic behaviour of a two-elements chain is investigated. We identify successfully the minimum energy path between two local stable minima of the chain and demonstrate thereby the performance of the string method applied to a complex multiscale model. (© 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Detecting multifractal stochastic processes under heavy-tailed effects

Multifractality of a time series can be analyzed using the partition function method based on empirical moments of the process. In this paper we analyze the method when the underlying process has heavy-tailed increments. A nonlinear estimated scaling function and non-trivial spectrum are usually considered as signs of a multifractal property in the data. We show that a large class of processes can produce these effects and that this behavior can be attributed to heavy tails of the process increments. Examples are provided indicating that multifractal features considered can be reproduced by simple heavy-tailed Lévy process.