Wall-PIV as a near wall flow validation tool for CFD: Application in a pathologic vessel enlargement (aneurysm)

Flow visualization of a near wall flow is of great importance in the field of biofluid mechanics in general and for studies of pathologic vessel enlargements (aneurysms) particularly. Wall shear stress (WSS) is one of the important hemodynamic parameters implicated in aneurysm growth and rupture. The WSS distributions in anatomically realistic vessel models are normally investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, the results of CFD flow studies should be validated. The recently proposed Wall-PIV method was first applied in an enlarged transparent model of a cerebri anterior artery terminal aneurysm made of silicon rubber. This new method, called Wall-PIV, allows the investigation of a flow adjacent to transparent surfaces with two finite radii of curvature (vaulted walls). Using an optical method which allows the observation of particles up to a predefined depth enables the visualization solely of the boundary layer flow. This is accomplished by adding a specific molecular dye to the fluid which absorbs the monochromatic light used to illuminate the region of observation. The results of the Wall-PIV flow visualization were qualitatively compared with the results of the CFD flow simulation under steady flow conditions. The CFD study was performed using the program FLUENT®. The results of the CFD simulation were visualized using the line integral convolution (LIC) method with a visualization tool from AMIRA®. The comparison found a very good agreement between experimental and numerical results.     

Dominant vortices in impinging jet flows

A novel method of flow visualization by dye was used in conjunction with numerical solutions to investigate the formation stages of large stationary vortical motions located in the “trajectory bend” centers of impinging jet flows. The vortices dominate the flowfield and were found to have profound influence on the wall transport phenomena. Depending on the value of Reynolds number, four regimes were identified with different flow character.     

Visualization and determination of local mass transfer at solid walls in liquid flow

A method for visualization and determination of local and integral mass transfer coefficients at solid walls in liquid flow is presented. The method is based on chemisorption of a dye at a surface coated with polyamide. This results in a colour intensity distribution which corresponds to the local mass transfer: a high mass transfer rate results in a high colour intensity and vice versa. Chromatographic foils and polyamide membranes are used for the coating of the surface. This method allows the investigation of surface flow phenomena in channels with wall suction by using membranes. The experimental method based on convective mass transfer in liquid flow allows the investigation of flow phenomena near the wall in various apparatuses for heat and mass transfer. There are new possibilities for research of mass transfer in gas-liquid flow and systems with free surfaces, for example stirred reactors. The method can also be used for the analysis of mixing behaviour and residence time distribution. The quantification of the local mass transfer coefficient is made by optical measurements of the resulting colour intensity distribution. This is made by remission photometry or digital image processing. The application of different CCD-cameras and scanning systems is explained. The correlation between the optical measurement and the transferred mass is evaluated in simple but effective calibration experiments. Some examples of investigations show the practicability of the method.     

Evaluation of shear and recirculation in centrifugal artificial heart by flow visualization

A centrifugal blood pump for artificial heart has to have low hemolysis and no thrombus formation. For finding and removing the fluid dynamic causes of the above mentioned phenomena, flow visualization was utilized, as flow visualization can identify the high shear and stagnation locations which relate to hemolysis and thrombus formation respectively. In the present paper, general fluid dynamic characteristics of centrifugal blood pumps will be extracted, through analyzing four typical centrifugal pumps with flow visualization technique. Finding shear in the volute and diffuser regions, confirming vortex formation at washout holes, and quantitative analysis of the flow in the inlet regions are the shown examples. The obtained results correspond well to hemolysis tests, which proves that flow visualization is a useful tool in developing and analyzing blood pumps for artificial hearts.     

Filming the invisible – time-resolved visualization of compressible flows

Essentially all processes in gasdynamics are invisible to the naked eye as they occur in a transparent medium. The task to observe them is further complicated by the fact that most of these processes are also transient, often with characteristic times that are considerably below the threshold of human perception. Both difficulties can be overcome by combining visualization methods that reveal changes in the transparent medium, and high-speed photography techniques that “stop” the motion of the flow. The traditional approach is to reconstruct a transient process from a series of single images, each taken in a different experiment at a different instant. This approach, which is still widely used today, can only be expected to give reliable results when the process is reproducible. Truly time-resolved visualization, which yields a sequence of flow images in a single experiment, has been attempted for more than a century, but many of the developed camera systems were characterized by a high level of complexity and limited quality of the results. Recent advances in digital high-speed photography have changed this situation and have provided the tools to investigate, with relative ease and in sufficient detail, the true development of a transient flow with characteristic time scales down to one microsecond. This paper discusses the potential and the limitations one encounters when using density-sensitive visualization techniques in time-resolved mode. Several examples illustrate how this approach can reveal and explain a number of previously undetected phenomena in a variety of highly transient compressible flows. It is demonstrated that time-resolved visualization offers numerous advantages which normally outweigh its shortcomings, mainly the often-encountered loss in resolution. Apart from the capability to track the location and/or shape of flow features in space and time, adequate time-resolved visualization allows one to observe the development of deliberately introduced near-isentropic perturbation wavelets. This new diagnostic tool can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively determine otherwise inaccessible thermodynamic properties of a compressible flow.     

The design secret of Kyokusui-no-En’s meandering channel

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the flow through the Jonangu channel which is used for ceremonial game called as ‘Kyokusui-no-En’ in Japanese. The geometry of the channel is measured, a visualization technique is used to measure the actual flow characteristics, and then a numerical flow model is used to represent the flow including unsteady flow characteristics. Numerical model of drifting cup is introduced to investigate an interaction between flow and motion of the cup. Finally, the intention of the channel design is interpreted from the viewpoint of fluid mechanics using observed and calculated results.     

Near-infrared spectroscopy extended with indocyanine green dye dilution for cerebral blood flow measurement: Median values in healthy volunteers

The cerebral blood flow (CBF) is an important vital parameter in neurointensive care. Currently, there is no non-invasive method for its measurement that can easily be applied at the bedside. A new tool to determine CBF is based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applied together with indocyanine green (ICG) dye dilution. From a bilateral measurement on selected regions on the head of infrared (IR) absorption at various wavelengths during the dilution maneuver, the vascular perfusion characteristics of the two brain hemispheres can be determined in terms of mean transit time (mtt) of ICG, cerebral blood volume (CBV) and CBF. So far, on nine healthy volunteers, NIRS ICG dye dilution bihemispheric measurements were performed, which yielded to mtt given as median (range) of 9.3 s (5.1–16.3 s), CBV of 3.5 ml/100 g (1.7–4.1 ml/100 g), and CBF of 18.2 ml/(100 g×min) [11.1–48.6 ml/(100 g×min)]. Additionally, the blood flow index (BFI) was calculated with BFI= 13.8 mg/(100 g×s) [6.6–15.2 mg/(100 g×s)]. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between CBF and BFI was R_S = 0.76. However, as the Bland & Altman plot between CBFNIRS and the CBF_BFI documents, the limits of agreement are rather wide (21.9±6.7). Under physiological conditions in healthy volunteers, no differences could be detected between the hemispheres.     

Flow visualization in a low-density plasma channel

A schlieren system and surface-stress-sensitive film system were developed for a plasma channel which posed unique challenges for flow visualization because of the combination of low air density and the presence of plasma discharges. Temperature-sensitive paint and direct-current discharge were also applied to flow visualization. Three pulsed schlieren light sources were evaluated. A light-emitting diode (LED), a xenon Nanopulser^TM and laser breakdown, were tested on identical flowfields. The LED provided excellent illumination, with pulses ranging from μs to continuous. The Nanopulser^TM provided excellent, short-duration images, although illumination varied from shot-to-shot. Laser-breakdown provided short-duration, incoherent illumination that was constant from pulse-to-pulse. The surface-stress-sensitive film was applied to surface flow visualization. A low-modulus elastomer doped with a luminescent dye was used to visualize the surface shear stress and pressure field in laminar shock boundary layer interactions. Intensity distributions from the dye were imaged to interrogate the surface pressure gradients. Displacement of surface markers provided shear information. Results showed the presence of Görtler vortices in the reattaching shear flow. Görtler vortices were also evident in temperature-sensitive paint images and in the plasma discharge glow. These vortices were evident in the intensity images from the elastomer, which could be related to the surface pressure gradient, but were not readily evident in surface shear measurements.     

Flow visualization and PIV measurement of flow field around a darrieus rotor in dynamic stall

The flow field around a Darrieus rotor in dynamic stall is studied by flow visualization and PIV measurements. The visualization is carried out by dye injection technique while the phase averaged velocity distributions around the blade are measured by PIV combined with a conditional imaging technique. The results indicate the appearance of dynamic stall phenomenon due to the shedding of two pairs of vortices from the blade during one rotation of the rotor. These stall vortices are produced by the separation of flow over the inner surface of the blade and the formation of roll-up vortices from the outer surface. The second stall vortices develop along the blade and strongly interact with the flow field near the blade, affecting the aerodynamic performance of the rotor.     

An experimental study on swirling flow in a cylindrical annuli using the PIV technique

Abstract  

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the characteristics of turbulent swirling flow in an axisymmetric annuli. The swirl angle measurements were performed using a flow visualization technique using smoke and dye liquid for Re = 60,000–80,000. Using the two-dimensional particle image velocimetry method, this study found the time-mean velocity distribution and turbulent intensity in water with swirl for Re = 20,000, 30,000, and 40,000 along longitudinal sections. There were neutral points for equal axial velocity at y/(R − r) = 0.7–0.75, and the highest axial velocity was recorded near y/(R − r) = 0.9. Negative axial velocity was observed near the convex tube along X/(D − d) = 3–23.     

Quantitative visualization of flow fields associated with alluvial sand dunes: Results from the laboratory and field using ultrasonic and acoustic doppler anemometry

This paper presents results detailing the quantitative visualization of flow fields associated with natural sand dunes, Fraser River Estuary, Canada, using the complementary approaches of laboratory modelling and field instrumentation. Ultrasonic Doppler velocity profiling is used in the laboratory to elucidate the mean flow fields of low-angle dunes (leeside slope angle ≈14°) that are typical of many large natural rivers. These dunes do not possess a zone of permanent flow separation in the dune leeside and have a velocity structure that is dominated by the effects of flow acceleration and deceleration generated by topographic forcing of flow over the dune form. Turbulence associated with these dunes appears linked to both longer-period shear layer flapping and eddy generation along the shear layer. The field study uses acoustic Doppler profiling to reveal similar mean flow patterns and shows that flow is dominated by deceleration in the leeside without the presence of a region of permanent separated flow.     

Electrodynamic modeling of the spatial structure of electromagnetic fields in H-waveguides

We propose a method for electrodynamic computer-aided modeling and visualization of the structure of electromagnetic fields of H- and E-waves in an H-waveguide. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the H-waveguide were determined using the method of partial regions allowing for the electromagnetic field singularity at the edge. The length of the electromagnetic field line was used as an independent parameter in the modeling. Rostov State University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 41, No. 8, pp. 1021–1031, August, 1998.     

Visualization of flow fields in a Bubble Eliminator

Bubbles and dissolved gases in liquids greatly influence the performance of fluid power systems, coating solutions, plants in the food industry and so on. To eliminate bubbles from working fluids and to prevent degradation of liquids as well as to avoid possible damage of fluid components is an important engineering issue. Recently one of the authors, Ryushi Suzuki, has developed a new device using swirling flow with the capability of eliminating bubbles and of decreasing dissolved gases in fluids. This device is called “Bubble Eliminator.” The swirling flow pattern and pressure distributions in the bubble eliminator greatly influence the effective performance of the bubble removal. In this paper the swirl flow pattern in a transparent bubble eliminator is experimentally visualized and processed as digital images by a high-speed video camera system. Velocity profiles and pressure distributions in the bubble eliminator are calculated and graphically visualized by a three-dimensional numerical simulation. The results of the flow visualization are compared with the numerical simulation. The performance evaluation of the bubble removal effectiveness is numerically and experimentally verified. It is also proposed to augment understanding of 3D flow fields for the swirling flow in the bubble eliminator with scientific flow visualization methods, which combine graphics or real images with haptic displays.     

A visualization study of the near-wall behaviors of an oblique plate at different angles of attack

Abstract  

A combined method of oil flow visualization and smoke visualization with a laser sheet was conducted on an oblique plate with 64° sweep under different angles of attack. The oil flow visualization results reveal the characteristics of the flow pattern on the upper surface of the oblique plate, including the formation of separation, reattachment lines and the variation of these lines when the angle of attack changes. The smoke visualization results show the vortex structure above the oblique plate so as to demonstrate and interpret the flow pattern captured in the oil flow visualization.     

Measurement of photoexcitation cross-sections of uranium by saturation method

We report the measurement of photoexcitation cross-sections of three first-step uranium transitions (0 → 16900.38 cm ⁻¹, 0 → 17361.89 cm ⁻¹ and 620 → 17361.89 cm ⁻¹) using saturation method. These measurements were performed on a resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) set-up consisting of Nd:YAG-pumped dye lasers, a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer and high-temperature atomic vapour source. The uranium vapours were excited and photoionized by two-colour, three-photon photoionization scheme using Nd:YAG-pumped dye laser system. The resultant photoion signal was monitored as a function of dye laser fluence used for first step excitation to measure the excitation cross-section values. A new approach was adopted to overcome the large uncertainties associated with such measurements. With this approach the cross-section of transitions whose value is already reported in the literature was measured as a bench mark. By normalizing the measured value to the reported value, a scaling factor was derived. This scaling factor was used to scale up the cross-section values of other transitions measured by this method.     

Visualization of two-dimensional vortex flows in thin oscillating liquid films

A possibility of visualizing flows using random inhomogeneities of film thicknesses of different colors as particles for visualization is shown on an example of a vortex flow structure in an oscillating thin liquid film. Formation of vortex flows in a thin liquid film containing surface-active substances is investigated in experiments. The film is fixed horizontally along the edges of the cell vibrating in the vertical direction. Spatially homogeneous oscillations of the liquid film can excite different types of waves that generate two-dimensional vortex flows due to nonlinearity. We present results of experimental investigation of the structure of vortex flows in a thin film (0.5–10 μm) with rectangular boundaries. It has been revealed that, if the horizontal size of an inhomogeneous region is much smaller than the size of vortices, the inhomogeneities are transported by vortices and their interference pattern can be used for visualization of vortex flows.     

Flow characteristics around a rotating grooved circular cylinder with grooved of different depths

The present paper describes the flow characteristics around a rotating grooved circular cylinder with grooves of different depths. The surface structure of a circular cylinder was varied by changing the depths of 32 arc grooves on the surface. The surface pressure on the cylinder is measured for theRe range of from 0.4×10⁵ to 1.8×10⁵ and for rotations of from 0 to 4500 rpm. The drag coefficient of a grooved cylinder increases as the spin rate ratio α (= rotational speed of the cylinder surface/uniform velocity) increases forRe>1.0×10⁵. As the groove depth increases, the drag coefficient of a grooved cylinder is independent from the spin rate ratio α. The direction of the lift force of a smooth cylinder is opposite to the Magnus force forRe>1.0×10⁵. However, the direction of the lift force of a grooved cylinder is the same as that of the Magnus force for allRe>1.0×10⁵. As the groove depth increases, the increase in the slope of the lift coefficient becomes small. These phenomena are related to the positions of the flow separation points, which are clarified from the pressure distribution and flow visualization by the spark tracing method. In addition, in the present study, the flow around a rotating grooved cylinder is clarified by flow visualization.     

基于丝线流动显示技术的内转进气道起动性能实验

采用丝线法流动显示技术,在高超声速冷流暂冲式下吹风洞开展了快速获取内转进气道起动性能的实验研究。实验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)Φ0.5 m高超声速风洞中进行,来流Mach数为5。实验模型为椭圆转圆形内转进气道,总收缩比为5.8,内部收缩比为1.7,喉部为直径50 mm的圆形截面。模型的肩部区域种植了长度与间隔可更换的丝线,为了改善进气道的起动性能,模型进气道的内压缩段开设了可以动态堵塞的泄流孔,在喉道下游设置了可动态节流的节流锥。实验获得了丝线长度、相邻丝线间隔的推荐值,同时表明,丝线流动显示技术能够快速、准确、直观、方便地判断进气道的起动状态,并能定量给出流动分离起始位置与分离结构,所采用的丝线流动显示技术丰富了高超声速风洞实验的流场可视化方法库。研究还表明,采用丝线流动显示技术,所研究的内转进气道在Ma=5时处于双解区,实验给出了进气道重起动及退出不起动的一种可行方案。     

New large-aperture and high- accuracy lateral shearing interferometer

The principle of a new large-aperture high-accuracy interferometer for flow visualization is presented. The interferometer uses a Twyman-Green interferometer as a beam-splitter, a grating as a detector, and a real-time moiré fringe method to eliminate systematic errors. The interferometer has been used to measure the flow fields in a shock tunnel and obtained satisfactory results.