Direct observation of dynamics of single spinning dust grains in weakly magnetized complex plasma

The rotational dynamics of single dust grains in a weak magnetic field is investigated on a kinetic level. Experiments reveal spin-up of spherical dust grains and alignment of their magnetic moments parallel to the magnetic induction vector. The angular velocity of spinning prolate grains varies as magnetic induction increases to 250 G. Spinning dust grains are found to flip over only when the magnetic field magnitude is changing. The results demonstrate that dusty plasma has paramagnetic properties. Qualitative interpretations are proposed to explain newly discovered phenomena.     

Stability of the uniform alignment of lyotropic nematic liquid crystals doped with magnetic grains

The stability of the uniform alignment of lyotropic nematic liquid crystals doped with magnetic grains is theoretically analysed. The sample is assumed to be prepared in a uniformly magnetized state by means of an external magnetic field, which is switched off subsequently. We show that there is a critical concentration of magnetic grains above which the distorting effect of the magnetic interaction overcomes the stabilizing effect of the steric interactions among grains and micelles.     

Lattices of nonspherical ferromagnetic grains with magnetic dipole interaction: Theory and experimental examples

The magnetic properties (ground state, magnetic phase diagram, and phase transitions in a magnetic field) of two-and three-dimensional lattices of ferromagnetic grains with the intergrain dipole interaction are studied. The main attention is paid to the lattices formed by nonspherical grains (prolate and oblate ellipsoids of revolution) and their extreme forms (rodlike and disc-shaped grains). An analysis shows that the conclusions of the theory are in good agreement with the results of experiments.     

Investigation of the sign of the Soret coefficient in different ionic and surfacted magnetic colloids using forced Rayleigh scattering and single-beam Z -scan techniques

The sign of the Soret coefficient S T of a large set of ionic magnetic colloids (ionic ferrofluids (IFFs)) and surfacted magnetic colloids (surfacted ferrofluids (SFFs)) is determined using forced Rayleigh scattering and the single-beam Z -scan techniques. Different samples were investigated: acid and alkaline colloids with different values of pH; colloids with different concentrations of magnetic grains; colloids with grains of different typical diameters; colloids with magnetic grains with different coating natures; colloids with different non-polar and polar liquid carriers. Our results indicate that the sign of S T depends on the sign of the surface charge of grains in IFFs. In the case of water-based SFFs, the thermodiffusive behaviour is opposite to that of IFFs; that is, grains coated with a cationic surfactant behave like negatively charged IFF (alkaline) grains and grains coated with an anionic surfactant behave like positively charged IFF (acid) grains. SFFs with grains coated with non-ionic surfactants dispersed in non-polar fluid carriers behave like SFFs with grains coated with a cationic surfactant. The nature of the liquid carrier itself is not the only determinant factor, except apparently in the case of non-polar fluids, where only S T > 0 is found. These results cannot be explained with the available theories and it is highly probable that different mechanisms are present in the thermodiffusive behaviour of these complex fluids.     

Acceleration of dust grains by means of the high energy ion beam

The acceleration of charged dust grains by a high energy ion beam is investigated by obtaining the dispersion relation. The Cherenkov and cyclotron acceleration mechanisms of dust grains are compared with each other. The role of dusty plasma parameters and the magnetic field strength in the acceleration process are discussed. In addition, the stimulated waves by an ion beam in a fully magnetized dust–ion plasma are studied. It is shown that these waves are unstable at different angles with respect to the external magnetic field. It is also indicated that the growth rates increase by either increasing the ion and dust densities or decreasing the magnetic field strength. Finally, the results of our research show that the high energy ion beam can accelerate charged dust grains.     

Intergrain and intragrain superconductivity in Sn- and Sb-doped Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Cu3Oy

Measurements of the resistivity and current dependent resistivity for small current densities ranging from 0.03 A/cm² to 3.0 A/cm² were performed with two Sn-doped and two Sb-doped polycrystalline Bi_1.7Pb_0.3Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_y samples in magnetic fields up to 1.7 T. Features in the temperature derivative of the resistivity curves were associated with the presence of a superconducting transition between superconducting grains, coupled by weak links with a distribution of critical currents and critical temperatures, and the superconducting transition within grains. The transition between grains was more strongly suppressed in temperature with the application of a magnetic field in samples with weaker coupling between grains. The presence of a transition in a magnetic field due to weak links between grains was verified at 77 K by the observation of a current dependent resistivity in a magnetic field.     

Association phenomena in a ferromagnetic colloid

We discuss the equation of state and the static correlations in a system of spherical ferromagnetic grains suspended in a magnetically passive fluid. In the domain where dipole-dipole interactions between the grains are large (low temperature) we show that the variation of the small-angle X-ray scattering with magnetic field provides a sensitive test of the model proposed to treat this system. We discuss the condensation of the grains into linear chains at low density, high magnetic field, and low temperature. The possibility of resonances in the small-angle X-ray scattering is demonstrated and certain other consequences of chain formation are indicated.     

Study of nanocrystalline Fe－Al－N soft magnetic thin films

Fe－Al－N films were fabricated by reactive sputtering using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering system. The effects of Al and N content and annealing temperature on microstructure and magnetic properties were investigated. The Fe－Al－N films, which have good soft magnetic properties, consist of nanocrystalline α-Fe grains and a small amount of other phases in the boundaries of α-Fe grains. The average α-Fe grain size is about 10－15nm. A slight amount of Fe－N and Al－N compounds precipitate in the boundaries of α-Fe grains and suppress their growth. Annealing improves the soft magnetic properties slightly by releasing the residual stress and reducing defects.     

Rotational properties of annulus dusty plasma in a strong magnetic field

The collective dynamics of an annulus dusty plasma formed between a co-centric conducting (non-conducting) disk and ring configuration is studied in a strongly magnetized radiofrequency (rf) discharge. A superconducting electromagnet is used to introduce a homogeneous magnetic field to the dusty plasma medium. In the absence of the magnetic field, the dust grains exhibit thermal motion around their equilibrium position. The dust grains start to rotate in the anticlockwise direction with increasing magnetic field (B > 0.02 T ), and the constant value of the angular frequency at various strengths of the magnetic field confirms the rigid body rotation. The angular frequency of dust grains linearly increases up to a threshold magnetic field (B > 0.6 T ) and after that its value remains nearly constant in a certain range of magnetic field. Further increase in magnetic field (B > 1 T ) lowers the angular frequency. Low value of the angular frequency is expected by reducing the width of the annulus dusty plasma or the input rf power. The azimuthal ion drag force due to the magnetic field is assumed to be the energy source which drives the rotational motion. The resultant radial electric field in the presence of a magnetic field determines the direction of rotation. The variation of floating (plasma) potential across the annular region at given magnetic field explains the rotational properties of the annulus dusty plasma in the presence of a magnetic field.     

Magnetic and Microstructure of Triple C/Co73Cr22Tas/Ti for Perpendicular Media

The magnetic properties and microstructure of triple C/CoCrTa/Ti perpendicular recording films have been studied. Magnetic measurements show that the optimal thickness of Ti underlayer is 4Ohm and that of CoCrTa is 35 nm. The optimal value of substrate temperature is found to be 400℃. A suitable Ti underlayer causes a magnetic layer to have a near-perfect hcp texture, with Co grains in the （002） preferred orientation. The film with needle-like grains is more suitable for perpendicular recording films.     

Effect of the concentration of magnetic grains on the linear-optical-absorption coefficient of ferrofluid-doped lyotropic mesophases: Deviation from the Beer-Lambert law

In this paper is reported a systematic experimental study of the linear-optical-absorption coefficient of ferrofluid-doped isotropic lyotropic mixtures as a function of the magnetic-grains concentration. The linear optical absorption of ferrolyomesophases increases in a nonlinear manner with the concentration of magnetic grains, deviating from the usual Beer-Lambert law. This behavior is associated to the presence of correlated micelles in the mixture which favors the formation of small-scale aggregates of magnetic grains (dimers), which have a higher absorption coefficient with respect to that of isolated grains. We propose that the indirect heating of the micelles via the ferrofluid grains (hyperthermia) could account for this nonlinear increase of the linear-optical-absorption coefficient as a function of the grains concentration.Received: 16 December 2003, Published online: 27 April 2004PACS: 61.30.-v Liquid crystals - 83.80.Qr Surfactant and micellar systems, associated polymers - 78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)     

强磁场对不同厚度Fe-Ni纳米多晶薄膜的生长过程及磁性能的影响

有无6 T强磁场条件下, 利用分子束气相沉积方法制备了21 nm和235 nm厚的Fe-Ni纳米多晶薄膜. 研究发现, 0 T时, 21 nm厚的薄膜是晶粒堆叠而成, 晶粒尺寸为6–7 nm; 6 T时, 21 nm厚的薄膜首先在基片表面形成了晶粒相互连接的5 nm平坦层, 晶粒沿基片表面拉长, 随后以6–7 nm尺寸的晶粒堆叠而成; 0 T时, 235 nm厚度的薄膜生长初期平均晶粒尺寸为3.6 nm, 生长中期平均晶粒尺寸为5.6 nm, 生长末期薄膜近似柱状方式生长, 晶粒沿生长方向拉长; 6 T时, 235 nm厚度的薄膜在基片表面也形成了晶粒相互连接的5 nm平坦层, 晶粒沿基片表面拉长, 随后以尺寸均匀的6.1 nm晶粒堆叠而成; 而且, 6 T强磁场使得不同厚度薄膜的面外与面内矫顽力都降低.     

Physical properties of magnetic grains dispersed in anisotropic media

We calculate the dynamical response of a group of non-interacting magnetic grains dispersed in a medium that imposes on them an uniaxial anisotropy. Numerical results are obtained for a collection of grains that has its volume distribution given by a Gaussian function centered in the average volume V₀, and has a width σV₀. We assume that the only effect of the medium on the particles is the anisotropy imposed on the grains to study the influence of the volume distribution (σ and V₀) on the effective permeability. The results are analyzed through the calculation of numerical values for the components of the magnetic permeability and also by the analysis of the combined effect of the external dc magnetic field and the width of the volume distribution on the skin depth.     

Dressed Josephson junction network models and low-field magnetic response of high-Tc granular superconductors

A bare three-dimensional model, in which grains are reduced to points, cannot fully account for the magnetic properties of granular superconductors. A dressed version of these network models is proposed to discuss the quantitative link between the low-field magnetic response of high-T_c superconducting granular samples and the characteristic properties of Josephson junction network models. By means of dressed models, the temperature dependence of the d.c. field-cooled susceptibility of a simple three-dimensional granular system, consisting of eight grains in a cubic arrangement, is studied.     

取向烧结Nd-Fe-B永磁合金反磁化过程及矫顽力机理研究

本文对取向烧结Nd-Fe-B合金沿取向易轴饱和磁化后的反磁化过程分四个阶段进行了理论研究。结果表明,主相晶粒表面软磁性区成核及从表面向晶粒内部不可逆畴壁位移对Nd-Fe-B合金的矫顽力起决定性作用。矫顽力随温度升高而急速下降主要是由于热运动破坏了主相四方结构的完整性,从而使软磁性过渡区变厚所致。 关键词：     

Magnetization reversal mechanisms in hybrid resin-bonded Nd–Fe–B magnets

The magnetic properties of isotropic epoxy resin-bonded magnets prepared by mixing a hard magnetic powder made from melt quenched Nd–Fe–Co–B ribbons and a soft magnetic iron powder have been examined. The magnetization reversal processes and the magnetic parameters have been studied by the measurement of the virgin magnetization curves, the major and minor hysteresis loops and sets of recoil curves. From these recoil curves the field dependence of the reversible and irreversible magnetization components during the magnetization and demagnetization processes has been derived. The remanence relationship was used to study the nature of magnetic interaction between the grains. A study of interaction domains was conducted using optical microscopy. Groups of domains, each over several grains, were observed. It was found that the reversal process in the samples investigated involves the rotation of magnetization vectors in the iron powder grains and pinning of domain walls at the MQP-B grain boundaries.     

Collective effects in doped nematic liquid crystals

We studied the collective elastic interaction in a system of many macroparticles embedded in a nematic liquid crystal. A theoretical approach to the interaction of macroparticles via deformation of the director field [1] is developed. It is found that the director field distortion induced by many particles leads to the screening of the elastic pair interaction potential. This screening strongly depends on the shape of the embedded particles: it exists for anisotropic particles and is absent for spherical ones. Our results are valid for the homeotropic and the planar anchoring on the particle surface and for different Frank constants. We apply our results to cylindrical particles in a nematic liquid crystal. In a system of magnetic cylindrical grains suspended in a nematic liquid crystal, the external magnetic field perpendicular to the grain orientation results in inclining the grains to the director and induces an elastic Yukawa-law attraction between the grains. The appearance of this elastic attraction can explain the cellular texture in magnetically doped liquid crystals in the presence of the magnetic field [2].     

Effect of hot deformation temperature on the magnetic and mechanical properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets prepared by spark plasma sintering

The magnetic and mechanical properties of Nd-Fe-B magnets at different hot deformation temperatures have been investigated. The results showed that the optimum magnetic and mechanical properties and the highest crystallographic alignment of Nd-Fe-B magnets were obtained at 700 °C, and the possible reasons were analyzed. The microstructures show that abnormal grain growth is not observed at 650 °C; there exist many small spherical grains, and these small grains do not align during die upsetting. The average size of the grains and the volume fraction of coarse grains increase with increase in deformation temperature. The coarse grains do not align during die upsetting, and the non-alignment regions enlarge with increase in deformation temperature.     

调制磁场清除柱形等离子体发生器中的尘埃颗粒

利用流体模型，计算了调制磁场作用下，圆柱形等离子体发生器中电子、离子及尘埃的运动情况．数值模拟结果表明，尘埃颗粒随着调制磁场频率的改变，产生两种不同的运动方式：pulse运动和除尘运动．解释了pulse运动产生的机理，并提出了柱形等离子体发生器中利用调制磁场清除尘埃颗粒的方法． 关键词： 尘埃颗粒 调制磁场     

烧结Nd-Fe-B永磁合金矫顽力机制的理论与实验研究

从理论和实验上研究了烧结Ｎｄ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ永磁合金的矫顽力随取向磁场的变化规律。指出磁体反磁化过程主要是晶粒边界软磁性区的反磁化成核以及反磁化核长大成畴并向晶粒内部不可逆畴壁位移的过程。比较了成核场与退钉扎场的大小及其随磁场方向的变化，并得出结论：退钉扎场是决定烧结Ｎｄ－Ｆｅ－Ｂ磁体矫顽力的主要机制。 关键词：