金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定

1概述1.1稀土元素及其存在从元素周期系中的位置来看稀土元素属于第Ⅲ属的钪分属。原子序数从57到71的15种元素,在周期系中占据了一个特殊位置,因为这些元素是由镧开始的,因此常把它们总称为“镧系元素”。它们的同族元素钪和钇,在化学性质上与稀土元素十分相似,并且在自然界中也经常与镧系元素共生在一起,因此,通常把钪,钇与镧系元素放在一起研究。但钪的原子半径特别小,与镧系元素和钇的原子半径有明显差别,因而钪表现出许多独特性质。而钇则与镧系元素更加相似,因此,习惯上常把钇也包括在稀土元素之中。稀土元素在自然界的蕴藏量并不少,…     

一种还原铕的新方法

铕的化合物作为激光、发光、磁光以及磁性半导体等材料,对发展近代技术有重要意义,因而制备三价铕和二价铕的纯化合物是很需要的。自稀土元素中制取铕,一般均利用其变价性质,借亚铕离子和三价稀土离子化学性质上的显著差别而分离。以往文献报道过电解法,汞阴极电解法、锌粉、     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行 第六讲 金属材料中稀土元素的测定（续）

2.1.5草酸稀土沉淀的灼烧与称量草酸沉淀重量法测定稀土总量的最后一步操作是将草酸稀土沉淀在高温炉中灼烧成氧化稀土并冷却至室温后称得其质量,据此计算成试样中氧化稀土总量或稀土总量的质量分数(w,%)。在稀土元素中,在6种元素的离子呈现两种价态,铈、镨、铽有三价及四价状态,钐、铕及镱有二价及三价状态。因此,混合稀土的草酸盐经灼烧后所得的稀土氧化物的组成并不一致。Wendland曾研究了草酸稀土在空气中灼烧成氧化物的过程及要求的温度,结果如表5所示[9]。由此可知草酸稀土灼烧成氧化物不仅其组成不完全符合RE2O3的分子式,而且转变…     

某些镧系化合物化学键特性的INDO研究

本文用INDO方法研究了不同价态镧系化合物的成键性质和4f轨道在成键中的作用,结果表明, 镧系化合物的成键受许多因素, 如价态、半径、配位数、空间构型等影响。不同配体与镧系元素成键的强度差别较大; 高价态的共价性大于低价态的; 配位数低的大于配位数高的。某些特殊构型的镧系化合物除σ键外, 还形成重叠较好的π配键,使Ln-L键共价性大大增强。4f轨道在成键中的作用比5d的少得多, 三价(二价态)的4f轨道基本定域(<0.1%), 四价态的4f轨道对成键的贡献明显增大, 可接近1%。     

某些镧系化合物化学键特性的INDO研究

本文用INDO方法研究了不同价态镧系化合物的成键性质和4f轨道在成键中的作用,结果表明,镧系化合物的成键受许多因素,如价态、半径、配体、配位数、空间构型等影响。不同配体与镧系元素成键的强度差别较大;高价态的共价性大于低价态的;配位数低的大于配位数高的。某些特殊构型的镧系化合物除σ键外,还形成重叠较好的π配键,使Ln—L键共价性大大增强。4f轨道在成键中的作用比5d的少得多,三价(二价态)的4f轨道基本定域(<0.1％),四价态的4f轨道对成键的贡献明显增大,可接近1％。     

离子质电比和相差异因子对离子半径的的综合标度

依据已建立的离子质电比和相差异因子对离子半径的标度方法,系统性地研究了非稳定构型阳离子的相差异因子,采用回归分析法,改进了非稳定构型阳离子半径的计算公式。将稳定构型阳离子半径公式推广到等电子阳离子半径系统,计算了ⅡA(B)-ⅦA族52种离子半径数据;用改进的非稳定构型阳离子半径公式计算了四到七周期过渡元素(包括镧系和錒系),+1到+8各价态阳离子半径373个,其中预测了较为合理的271种阳离子半径数据。与前文中稳定构型阳离子半径合在一起,共108种元素508种离子半径,这些数据随周期数、族数以及价态等变化十分规律,是一套较好的、较为完整的单原子离子半径数据。     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行第六讲金属材料中稀土元素的测定(续)

在一般情况下,镧系元素趋向于脱落三个电子(2个6s电子,一个4f电子,或者有时一个5d电子)而呈三价状态。但也有一些元素呈现四价或二价状态。镧没有4f电子,它一般失去6s2及5d1三个电子后即达到稳定结构(与Xe的电子结构相同);钇在4f轨道有7个电子,这种状态称为半满(因4f轨道可容纳14个电子),当它失去6s2及5d1三电子而呈三价时也达到了稳定结构;还有镥,当它失去6s2及5d1三个电子后,4f轨道有14个电子是全满状态,所以也达到了稳定结构。这三种元素除了三价状态外不呈现其它状态。而其它元素在化学变化中各原子也有达到这种稳定电子构型的趋势。因…     

稀土冠醚类配合物的研究——ⅩⅩ.三价及二价稀土硫氰酸盐与辛二酰双(4′-苯并-15-冠-5)配合物的合成和性质

在乙腈和二氯甲烷混合溶液中合成了三价稀土元素(La,Nd,Eu,Dy,Er,Yb)硫氰酸盐与辛二酰双(4′-苯并-15-冠-5)的六个新配合物。并在氩气氛中,以四氢呋喃为溶剂,锂-萘为还原剂,制得了二价铕硫氰酸盐与辛二酰双(4′-苯并-15-冠-5)的固体配合物。通过元素分析、红外光谱、差热热重分析、荧光光谱、穆斯堡尔谱、电子自旋共振谱、还原性实验等研究了双冠醚与稀土离子的配位作用,并讨论了三价和二价稀土配合物在物理及化学性质上的差别。     

二价铕固态配合物的合成与性质

二价铕固态配合物的合成与性质王定博，刘建民，杨汝栋（兰州大学化学系兰州７３００００）稀土元素铕的外层电子结构为４ｆ￣７６ｓ￣２，它决定了铕除了以正常的＋３价态存在之外，还可以＋２价态的形式存在。由于（－０．３５ｖ）很低，所以Ｅｕ（Ⅱ）很容易被空气中的...     

正离子的边界半径

本文建议和讨论了离子的边界半径, 给出了一价正离子的边界半径的周期表以及某些常见正离子的边界半径。正离子的边界半径与SP半径、Pauling离子半径、晶体离子半径等有一定的关联, 显示了其合理性和可应用性。由这些关联性质, 还可以预言某些元素的难以测定的电离能。     

Generation and detection of levuglandins and isolevuglandins in vitro and in vivo

Levuglandins (LGs) and isolevuglandins (isoLGs), formed by rearrangement of endoperoxide intermediates generated through the cyclooxygenase and free radical induced oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are extraordinarily reactive, forming covalent adducts incorporating protein lysyl ε-amino groups. Because they accumulate, these adducts provide a dosimeter of oxidative injury. This review provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the generation of LG/isoLG in vitro and in vivo and the detection methods for the adducts of LG/isoLG and biological molecules in vivo.     

Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in dimethylsulfoxide

Journal of Solution Chemistry - Enthalpies of solution of purine and adenine in water and in demethylsulfoxide were measured calorimetrically in the temperature range 25–40°C. ΔH s...     

Coassembly of Nanorods and Nanospheres in Suspensions and in Stratified Films

The entropically driven coassembly of nanorods (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) and nanospheres (dye‐labeled spherical latex nanoparticles, NPs) was studied in aqueous suspensions and in solid films. In mixed CNC‐latex suspensions, phase separation into an isotropic latex‐NP‐rich and a chiral nematic CNC‐rich phase took place; the latter contained a significant amount of latex NPs. Drying the mixed suspension resulted in CNC‐latex films with planar disordered layers of latex NPs, which alternated with chiral nematic CNC‐rich regions. In addition, fluorescent latex NPs were embedded in the chiral nematic domains. The stratified morphology of the films, together with a random distribution of latex NPs in the anisotropic phase, led to the films having close‐to‐uniform fluorescence, birefringence, and circular dichroism properties.     

Determination of diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma in the presence of oxazepam and temazepam

For studies on the excretion of drugs into milk a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was developed to quantitate diazepam and nordazepam in the milk and plasma of humans and rabbits in the presence of their major metabolites, oxazepam and temazepam. Flurazepam was used as an internal standard. The assay involves extractions with diethyl ether and an additional acid clean-up step. Chromatographic separation was achieved by a LiChrospher 60 RP-select B (5 microns) column and KH2PO4- acetonitrile (69:31, v/v) adjusted to pH 2.80 as a mobile phase. The same extraction and chromatographic conditions were suited to both types of samples, milk and plasma. The limits of determination using ultraviolet detection at 241 nm was for diazepam 20 ng/ml and for nordazepam 15 ng/ml. The absolute recoveries of diazepam, nordazepam and flurazepam in human milk were 84, 86 and 92% and in human plasma 97, 89 and 94%, respectively. The within- and between-day accuracy and precision for diazepam and nordazepam in milk and plasma at all concentrations tested (20-1500 ng/ml) were better than 8%. The high fat content which occurs in rabbit milk presented no limitation for the extraction of lipophilic diazepam: the method was successfully used to monitor milk and plasma concentrations of diazepam and nordazepam in lactating New Zealand White rabbits during 26-h infusions of diazepam (1.4 mg/h).     

Structure of dimethoxyamine in the crystalline and gaseous phases and in solution

Conclusions It has been established by the methods of x-ray diffraction analysis and electron diffraction analysis and measurements of the dipole moments and the birefringence that in the crystalline and gaseous phases, as well as in solution, N,N-dimethoxyamine has a gauche-gauche conformation, which is stipulated by a stabilizing nO-N-O* orbital interaction. The geometric parameters of the molecule have been determined.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2235–2242, October, 1986.     

Comparison and correlation of in vitro, in vivo and in silico evaluations of alpha, beta and gamma cyclodextrin complexes of curcumin

In the present study investigated the effect of curcumin (CUR) alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on its solubility and bioavailability. CUR the active principle of turmeric is a natural antioxidant agent with potent anti-inflammatory activity along with chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive properties. Poor solubility and poor oral bioavailability are the main reasons which preclude CUR use in therapy. Extent of complexation was β-CD complex (82 %) > γ-CD (71 %) > α-CD (65 %). Pulverization method resulted in significant enhancement of CUR (0.002 mg/ml) solubility with CUR α-CD complex (0.364 mg/ml) > CUR β-CD complex (0.186 mg/ml) > CUR γ-CD complex (0.068 mg/ml). Gibbs-free energy and in silico molecular docking studies favour formation of α-CD complex > β-CD complex > γ-CD complex. With reference to CUR, relative bioavailability of CUR α-CD, CUR β-CD and CUR γ-CD complexes were 460, 365 and 99 % respectively. CUR–CD complexes exhibited increased bioavailability with an increase in t_½, tmax, Cmax, AUC, Ka, and MRT; and a decrease in Ke, clearance and Vd values. AUC increase was CUR α-CD complex > CUR β-CD complex > CUR γ-CD complex. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between CUR α-CD complex and CUR γ-CD complex by one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple comparison analysis. Correlation observed between in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods indicates potential of in silico and in vitro methods in CD selection.     

Homo- and hetero-complexes of exchangeable apolipoproteins in solution and in lipid-bound form

The self-association state of human plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) in solution and in complexes with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) varying in stoichiometry was studied in sub-micromolar concentration range by gel filtration, fluorescence anisotropy, fluorescence quenching and energy transfer measurements with apolipoprotein labeled with lysine-specific fluorescent dyes. Together, these results confirm the equilibrium scheme for various apoE structures in solution: oligomer (in aged preparations) <==> 'closed' tetramer <==> 'open' tetramer ('molten globule' state) <==> native or partially denatured monomer <==> fully denatured monomer. Within DMPC:apoE discoidal complex (125:1) the apolipoprotein association state seems to be intermediate between that in solution and in larger vesicular complex (1000:1); for both complexes, the degree of exposure of fluorescein chromophores into water phase decreased. Hetero-associates of apoA-I and apoC-III-1 in solution and in the complexes with DMPC appear to behave similarly to apoE. When extrapolated to native HDL particles, 'molten globule' state seems to be a structure responsible for the interaction of exchangeable apolipoproteins with phospholipid. For a first time, the location of various apolipoprotein molecules on disc periphery was confirmed. The lysine residue(s) seems to locate closely to reacting residue(s) within apolipoprotein molecules in associates, however, with different package constraints for discoidal versus vesicular complexes with phospholipid.     

Fluorimetric quantification of clodronate and alendronate in aqueous samples and in serum

The bisphosphonates clodronate and alendronate are drugs in the therapy of osteoporosis or Paget's disease. They are highly hydrophilic and therefore of low oral bioavailability. Determination methods for bisphosphonates are often laborious and expensive equipment is needed. The presented quantification method based on kinetic measurement of the fluorescence decrease of an Al³⁺-morin complex can be used to determine the bisphosphonate content in aqueous and plasma samples. The intra- and inter-assay accuracies were found to be within 98.8% and 102.3% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.2% and 105.0% of the target samples for alendronate. The LOQ was defined as 15.6 ng/ml for clodronate and 62.5 ng/ml for alendronate. In serum samples, intra- and inter-assay accuracy was found to be within 99.0% and 101.6% of the target samples for clodronate and within 97.8% and 102.6% of the target samples for alendronate. In serum samples, the LOQ was defined as 1.55 mg/ml for clodronate and 0.39 mg/ml for alendronate. Though less sensitive in serum, the presented method could support research on the development of drug delivery systems in vitro and in vivo for the investigated and other structurally related bisphosphonates.