Energy of a Polaron in a Wurtzite Nitride Finite Parabolic Quantum Well

The effects of electron-phonon interaction on energy levels of a polaron in a wurtzite nitride finite parabolic quantum well （PQW） are studied by using a modified Lee-Low-Pines variational method. The ground state, first excited state, and transition energy of the polaron in the GaN/Al0.3Ga0.7N wurtzite PQW are calculated by taking account of the influence of confined LO（TO）-like phonon modes and the half-spaee LO（TO）-like phonon modes and considering the anisotropy of all kinds of phonon modes. The numerical results are given and discussed. The results show that the electron-phonon interaction strongly affects the energy levels of the polaron, and the contributions from phonons to the energy of a polaron in a wurtzite nitride PQW are greater than that in an A1GaAs PQW. This indicates that ehe electron-phonon interaction in a wurtzite nitride PQW is not negligible.     

Self-Trapping of Acoustic Polaron in One Dimension

The ground-state energy and effective mass of an acoustic polaron in one dimension are calculated by using an electron-longitudinal-acoustic-phonon interaction Hamiltonian derived here. The self-trapping of the acoustic polaron is discussed. It is found that the critical coupling constant shifts toward weaker electron-phonon interaction with the increasing cutoff wave vector and the products of the critical coupling constant by the cutoff wave vector tend to a certain value. The self-trapping of acoustic polarons in one dimension is easier to be realized than that in three- and two-dimensional systems. The self-trapping transition of acoustic polarons is expected to be observed in the one dimensional systems of alkali halides and wide-band-gap semiconductors.     

Quantum adiabatic polarons by translationally invariant perturbation theory

The translationally invariant diagrammatic quantum perturbation theory (TPT) is applied to the polaron problem on the 1D lattice, modeled through the Holstein Hamiltonian with the phonon frequency ω₀, the electron hopping t and the electron-phonon coupling constant g. The self-energy diagrams of the fourth-order in g are calculated exactly for an intermittently added electron, in addition to the previously known second-order term. The corresponding quadratic and quartic corrections to the polaron ground state energy become comparable at t/ω₀>1 for g/ω₀∼(t/ω₀) ^1/4 when the electron self-trapping and translation become adiabatic. The corresponding non adiabatic/adiabatic crossover occurs while the polaron width is large, i.e. the lattice coarsening negligible. This result is extended to the range (t/ω₀)^1/2>g/ω₀>(t/ω₀)^1/4>1 by considering the scaling properties of the high-order self-energy diagrams. It is shown that the polaron ground state energy, its width and the effective mass agree with the results found traditionally from the broken symmetry side, kinematic corrections included. The Landau self-trapping of the electron in the classic self-consistent, localized displacement potential, the restoration of the translational symmetry by the classic translational Goldstone mode and the quantization of the polaronic translational coordinate are thus all encompassed by a quantum theory which is translationally invariant from the outset. This represents the first example, open to various generalizations, of the capability of TPT to hold through the adiabatic symmetry breaking crossover. Plausible arguments are also given that TPT can describe the g/ω₀>(t/ω₀)^1/2 regime of the small polaron with adiabatic or non-adiabatic translation, i.e., that TPT can cover the whole g/ω₀, t/ω₀ parameter space of the Holstein Hamiltonian.     

Polaron formation and hopping conductivity in the Holstein-Hubbard model

On the basis of the Holstein-Hubbard model the formation of polarons at finite densities is investigated by means of a variational approach appropriate for describing squeezing and correlation effects. An effective Hubbard model for the polarons is derived, where the correlations are treated within the slave-boson saddlepoint approximation. For low enough phonon frequencies, with increasing coupling an abrupt self-trapping transition from light to heavy polarons is found. With increasing density the squeezing effect increases, and the transition is shifted to higher couplings. In the case of an effective Coulomb repulsion, the self-trapping transition is shifted to lower couplings with increasing Hubbard interaction, and the effective polaron mass below the transition is enhanced. In the heavy polaron regime, the frequency-dependent polaron hopping conductivity is calculated. There occur qualitative finite-density and correlation effects on the zero-temperature absorption spectrum which are discussed with respect to their possible relevance to the midinfrared absorption in high-T _c superconductors.     

Electron-phonon effects on Stark shifts of excitons in parabolic quantum wells: Fractional-dimension variational approach

Electron-phonon effects on Stark shifts of excitons in parabolic quantum wells are studied theoretically by using a fractional dimension method in combination with a Lee-Low-Pines-like transformation and a perturbation theory. The numerical results for the exciton binding energies and electron-phonon contributions to the binding energies as functions of the well width and the electric field in the Al_0.3Ga_0.7As parabolic quantum well structure are obtained. It is shown that both exciton binding energy and electron-phonon contributions have a maximum with increasing the well width. The binding energy and electron-phonon contribution decrease significantly with increasing the electric-field strength, in special in the wide-well case.     

Polaronic effects in asymmetric quantum wire: An all-coupling variational approach

An all-coupling variational calculation based on Lee-Low-Pines-Huybrechts (LLPH) theory is performed to study the ground state and the first excited state in an asymmetric polar semiconductor quantum wire that is valid for the entire range of the electron-phonon coupling constant and arbitrary confinement length. It is shown that the polaronic effects are very important and size dependent, if the effective width of the wire is reduced below a certain length scale. It is also shown that asymmetry in a quantum wire can be used as an extra parameter to increase the stability of the polaron. Finally the theory is applied to a realistic CdS quantum wire.     

Effect of Temperature on Polaron Stability in a One-Dimensional Organic Lattice

Effect of temperature on the polaron stability in a one-dimensional organic lattice is investigated within the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model. The temperature effect is simulated by introducing random forces to the equation of the lattice motion. It is found that the localized polaron state becomes delocalized even at low temperatures. The time of polaron keeping localized depends on the magnitude of temperatures. By taking into account the thermal effect, we find that the dissociation field is weaker as compared with earlier works.     

Spin-Flip of Polaron in Polymers with a Magnetic Impurity

Using a nonadiabatic evolution method, we investigate the spin-flip process of polaron in polymers with a magnetic impurity. Our results show that when the spin orientation of this impurity is fixed to be perpendicular to the spin of polaron （θ = π/2）, the magnetic impurity causes a spin-flip process. The probability of the spin-flip increases with the increase of exchange integral J up to about 0.35 eV and then decreases with the increase of J. In the case J is fixed while the spin orientation is adjustable, we find the probability of the spin-flip varies with the impurity orientation and reaches a maximum value at θ=π/2.     

Ground state description of bound polarons in parabolic quantum wires

The Feynman-Haken variational path integral theory is, for the first time, generalized to calculate the ground-state energy of an electron coupled simultaneously to a Coulomb potential and to a longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon field in parabolic quantum wires. It is shown that the polaronic correction to the ground-state energy is more sensitive to the electron-phonon coupling constant than the Coulomb binding parameter and monotonically stronger as the effective wire radius decreases. We apply our calculations to several semiconductor quantum wires and find that the polaronic correction can be considerably large. Received 16 November 1998     

Squeezed magnetobipolarons in two-dimensional quantum dot

In this Letter, a different method was given for calculating the energies of the magnetobipolarons confined in a parabolic QD (quantum dot). We introduced single-mode squeezed states transformation, which are based on the Lee-Low-Pines and Huybrechts (LLP-H) canonical transformations. This method can provide results not only for the ground state energy but also for the excited states energies. Moreover, it can be applied to the entire range of the electron-phonon coupling strength. Comparing with the results of the LLP-H transformations, we have obtained more accurate results for the ground state energy, excited states energies and binding energy of the bipolarons. It shows that the magnetic field and the quantum dot can facilitate the formation of the bipolarons when η is smaller than some value.     

Dynamics of Polaron at Polymer/Polymer Interface

The migration of a polaron at polymer/polymer interface is believed to be of fundamental importance for the transport and light-emitting properties of conjugated polymer-based light emitting diodes. Based on the one- dimensional tight-binding Su-Schrieffer-Heeger （SSH） model, we have investigated polaron dynamics in a one- dimensional polymer/polymer system by using a nonadiabatic evolution method. In particular, we focus on how a polaron migrates through the conjugated polymer/polymer interface in the presence of external electric field. The results show that the migration of polaron at the interface depends sensitively on the hopping integrals, the potential barrier induced by the energy mismatch, and the strength of applied electric field which increases the polaron kinetic energy.     

无限深量子阱中强耦合极化子的基态结合能

研究了无限深量子阱中极化子的基态性质,采用线性组合算符和变分相结合的方法导出了强耦合极化子的振动频率λ、基态能量E₀和基态结合能E_b,讨论了阱宽L和电子-LO声子耦合强度α对强耦合极化子的振动频率λ、基态能量E₀和基态结合能E_b的影响。通过数值计算,结果表明:强耦合极化子的振动频率和基态结合能随阱宽L的增大而减小,随电子-LO声子耦合强度α的增强而增大;基态能量随阱宽L的增大而减小,其绝对值随电子-LO声子耦合强度α的增强而增大;当量子阱阱宽L趋近于无限大和无限小两种极限情况下,分别与三维和二维极化子的结果相一致。     

Revisiting the theory of large polarons

We extend the theory of large polarons in the frame of a semi classical model. We analyse two physical effects in which the discreteness of the periodic lattice plays a major role: i) In addition to standard Holstein polarons, we show the existence of braggons which are polarons whose energy lies in a lattice gap. According to the type of gap considered, some of the them are ordinary solitons, some others are vector-solitons. ii) The pinning (or Peierls Nabarro) effect of the lattice on the polarons. We show that the coupling of the electrons with acoustic phonons is able to produce polarons or bipolarons in crystallographic situations where the coupling with optical phonons does'nt. The existence of multidimensional polarons and bipolarons is investigated, and we find interesting possibilities in dimension D=2. The binding energy and effective mass of the polarons are determined in the frame of the model, and their dynamical stability is analysed. We also show the existence, for D=1, of tripolarons in which two energy levels are occupied in the potential well created by the electron-lattice interaction. Finally the conditions of validity of the semi-classical approximation are given.     

Phonon-induced decoherence of the two-level quantum subsystem due to relaxation and dephasing processes

Phonon-related decoherence effects in a double-well two-level subsystem coupled to a solid are studied theoretically by the example of deformation phonons. Expressions for the reduced density matrix at T=0 are derived beyond the Markovian approximation by means of explicit solution of the non-stationary Schrödinger equation for the interacting electron-phonon system.     

The phonon effects on the impurity states in cylindrical quantum wire with a finite confining potential

The variational method and the effective mass approximation are applied to calculate the binding energies of the hydrogenic impurity states in a cylindrical quantum wire with finite deep potential well. The phonon effects on the impurity states are considered by taking both the couplings of the electron-phonon and the impurity ion-phonon into account. The numerical results for the GaAs cylindrical quantum wire are given and discussed. It is found that the ion-phonon interaction reduces the impurity binding energy and supplies key contribution to the energy shift, but the electron-phonon coupling enhances the binding energy less. Longitudinal optical (LO) phonons play more important role than interface optical (IO) phonons in the impurity potential screening. The polaron effect caused by LO phonons is more important when the wire is thinner, otherwise the LO phonons are dominant for the thicker wires.     

Arnold resonances and quantum states

The dynamics of one electron interacting with a linear chain of heavy atoms bears a strong similarity with the propagation of a classical wave in a periodic non linear medium. Arnold resonances of the dynamical system play a central role. Some of the quantum states associated with these resonances are delocalized and contribute to phenomena such as Peierls dimerization while other ones are localized and are similar to the gap solitons of the classical wave theory, we call them Braggons. Complex Braggons containing several electrons inside the same localized profile are also described.     

Polaron effects and boundary conditions in cylindrical wires

In this work we show that the polaron effects in cylindrical quantum wires are function of the cylinder radius R₀ through the boundary conditions for both the ionic and the electronic motion and through the size dependence of the static and high frequency dielectric constants. We find that the dielectric constants are increasing functions of R₀. This fact and the different boundary conditions for the ions and the electrons have the final consequence that polaron self-energy can either be an increasing or a decreasing function of R₀.     

Conductance of a Quantum Dot in the Presence of a Phonon Field

We theoretically investigate the electrical transport property of a quantum dot with longitudinal optical phonons. The conductance through the dot connected to two leads is calculated by the nonequilibrium Green function within the Landauer-Büttiker framework. The numerical examples of the conductance with different electron-phonon coupling strengths show that the presence of a phonon field typically results in the suppression of the main peak accompanied by some phonon side peaks. Both the main peak and the side peaks axe sensitive to the electron-phonon coupling strength, which is related to temperature. Our results for this system are consistent with some related previous works but the calculation is comparatively simple.     

Influence of Width of Left Well on Intersubband Transitions in AlxGa1-x N/GaN Double Quantum Wells

Influence of width of left well in AlxGa1-xN/GaN double quantum wells （DQWs） on absorption eoefficients and wavelengths of the intersubband transitions （ISBTs） is investigated by solving the Sehroedinger and Poisson equations self-consistently. When the width of left well is 1.79 nm, three-energy-level DQWs are realized. The ISBT between the first odd and second odd order subbands （the lodd-2odd ISBT） has a comparable absorption eoefficient with the lodd-2even ISBT. Their wavelengths are located at 1.3 and 1.55 μm, respectively. When the width of left well is 1.48nm, a four-energy-level DQWs is realized. The calculated results have a possible application to ultrafast two-eolour optoeleetronie devices operating within the optical communication wavelength range.     

Optical Absorption Spectra and Intraband Dynamics in Terahertz-Driven Semiconductor Superlattice

We have theoretically investigated the optical absorption spectrum and intraband dynamics by subjecting a superlattice to both a terahertz (THz)-frequency driving field and an optical pulse by using an excitonic basis.In the presence of a THz dc field, the satellite structures in the absorption spectra are presented. The satellite structure is a result from the THz nonlinear dynamics of Wannier-Stark ladder excitons. On the other hand, the coherent intraband polarization is investigated. We find that the excitonic Bloch oscillation is driven by the THz field and yields an intraband polarization that continues to oscillate at times much longer than the intraband dephasing time. The temporal evolution of the slowly varying components of the intraband polarization is dependent on the THz frequency.