雷达波段内磁性吸波颗粒光散射特性分析

针对目前在微波雷达隐身技术中广泛运用的吸波材料颗粒,根据米氏(Mie)散射理论对磁性吸波颗粒在雷达波段内的光散射特性进行了数值模拟和计算分析.在Mie系数中引入磁导率变量,分别计算了磁导率、折射率及颗粒粒径等参数对吸波颗粒光散射特性的影响;同时对比分析了磁性与非磁性吸波颗粒的散射光强、散射系数、吸收系数等散射特性规律.数值计算结果表明,颗粒磁特性的变化对其散射性能造成影响,磁导率的增大将使颗粒的吸收性能增强而后向散射强度减弱,有利于吸波颗粒雷达散射截面的减小,同时磁导率变化对颗粒散射特性的影响受到复折射率的制约.     

一次赤潮生消过程的水体光谱模拟

基于Mie散射理论,利用一次聚生角毛藻赤潮生消过程的水体吸收光谱数据,反演了藻细胞的折射率虚部,开展了细胞平均吸收效率因子(Qa)、后向散射效率因子(Qbb)和散射相函数的光谱模拟与分析。研究发现:(1)均匀球模型(Mie理论)能较好地重现聚生角毛藻的吸收光谱特征,Qa平均相对误差在11%以内。(2)Qbb受吸收影响,这一方面体现于Qbb在400～700nm波段的光谱变化,即吸收极大值的波长处Qbb取极小值;也体现在整个赤潮生消过程中,赤潮爆发前Qbb大,赤潮爆发后Qbb变小。(3)总散射与粒径参数(表征粒径相对于波长的大小)成正比,受吸收的影响小;总散射与角度散射强度反比于波长。     

铜绿微囊藻吸收和散射特性理论模拟

基于奇异衍射近似理论和Kramers-Kronig关系,通过实测铜绿微囊藻的吸收光谱数据和粒径分布估算出铜绿微囊藻折射率的实部和虚部,结合Mie散射理论,计算出铜绿微囊藻的吸收效率光谱、散射效率光谱。对比模拟结果与实验结果发现:该模型估算得到的散射光谱与实验的散射光谱之间误差为10.08%,吸收效率的误差为4.8%。从模拟结果与实测结果来看,均匀球形模型能够较好的重现铜绿微囊藻的吸收和散射特征。     

球形粒子相对折射率对散射光场强度最大峰值分布的影响

根据Mie散射理论,采用理论计算与实验对比的方法研究了球形粒子相对折射率对散射光场强度最大峰值分布的影响.发现,光强度的最大峰值所对应的散射角,随相对折射率实部的变化而变化(除散射角0°和180°),但并不随相对折射率虚部的变化而变化,也不随尺度参数的变化而变化.     

Mie光散射理论的数值计算方法

Mie散射级数的计算速度和精度对颗粒测量结果有着重要的影响。针对不同颗粒直径和相对折射率，一般采用前向递推，后向递推，连分式法等计算Mie散射级数。在这3种方法的基础上提出一种改进算法，即首先通过连分式法计算Mie散射级数的初始值，然后后向递推其余各值。该算法在Matlab中实现时，数据以数组的数据类型存储和调用，程序采用递归算法。通过比较计算结果发现，该算法耗时短且结果不易溢出，具有快速、稳定、不受颗粒直径和折射率范围影响等优点。     

浮游植物的吸收和散射特性:理论模型

利用Mie理论模型对不同粒径分布和复折射率的浮游植物吸收和散射特性进行了模拟计算。在550nm波长处,直径<10μm的颗粒对总的散射系数贡献最大,单位体积浓度的散射系数随着折射率实部n的增大呈有规律的地增加。对给定的n值来说,随着微分粒径分布参数j值的增大而增加,折射率实部n对单位色素浓度的吸收系数ap*(λ)的影响很小,对bp*(λ)影响相对较大。折射率虚部n′对单位色素浓度的吸收系数ap*(λ)的影响很大,对bp*(λ)的影响相对较小。微分粒径分布参数j对ap*(λ)和bp*(λ)的影响都很大,ap*(λ)随j值的减小而减小的主要原因是因为大颗粒“打包效应”引起的吸收减弱,而bp*(λ)随j值的增大而增大的主要原因是因为小粒径颗粒对散射的贡献。     

关于折射率对散射光场分布影响的研究

根据Mie散射理论,采用理论计算和实验相结合的手法,研究了光散射现象以及散射介质的折射率对散射光场分布的影响.通过对空气中不同折射率的散射介质形成的散射光场光强的实验比较,论证了散射介质折射率的实部变化对散射光强的影响不大,其主要影响是通过对相位的变化来实现的,也即散射介质折射率的虚部变化对光强的影响很大,在实际应用中不可忽略.这一结论对以散射光场的分布为基础的各种研究具有一定的指导意义.     

颗粒物Mie散射对差分吸收光谱技术的影响

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)应用于固定污染源烟气排放在线监测时,由于烟气中烟尘颗粒物含量较高,烟尘颗粒物Mie散射引起的消光对准确反演气体浓度应有一定影响,通过对1～10μm烟尘颗粒物Mie散射对DOAS影响的数值模拟和实验研究得出,烟尘颗粒物的散射光强与颗粒粒径分布、颗粒数密度有关,随着颗粒粒径和颗粒数密度增加,气体的差分吸收度随之而增加,差分吸收度曲线的频率特性发生变化,传统DOAS算法中的应用多项式滤波已无法消除颗粒物Mie散射对气体差分吸收度的影响,气体浓度的反演结果远远偏离真实值.     

颗粒系的可见消光光谱分析及最佳波长的选择

在光全散射法颗粒粒径测量中,被测颗粒系的消光光谱包含有颗粒粒径、折射率等信息。对常用的单峰及双峰R-R分布的可见消光光谱进行模拟,分析了可见消光光谱随粒径和相对折射率变化的规律。选取二阶微分可见消光光谱不连续点对应的波长作为测量波长,并将可见光边界波长同时作为测量波长,在非独立模式下,采用遗传优化算法反演粒径分布。仿真计算与实验验证结果表明,通过消光光谱分析,可以预先确定被测颗粒系的分布状况,缩小优化算法中反演参数的搜索范围。结合最佳波长选择方法,使测量的精度和可靠性明显提高。对测量光谱加入1%随机噪声时,单峰及多峰分布粒径反演均能得到满意的结果。     

吸收介质中微椭球体颗粒光学参数的研究

本文应用Eikonal近似将微椭球用其等效的球来近似, 结合Mie理论对吸收介质中微椭球体颗粒光学参数进行了数值计算。 结果表明, 椭球位置变化时, 散射和吸收性能发生变化。离心率增大时, 散射和吸收系数都增大, 离心率越大增大的越明显。波长增大时, 在紫光波长为0.4 μm和近红外区波长为1.58 μm处散射系数出现了峰值, 而吸收系数单调增大。相对折射率实部以及虚部变化对光学参数均有影响, 颗粒的吸收性越强, 散射相应地减弱。结果表明这种数值解析方法能有效地计算椭球体颗粒的光学参数。     

油砂混合水体后向散射系数光谱贡献分离算法Ⅰ: 实验理论

在石油类污染水体中,油会吸附在悬浮颗粒物表面而形成一个双层结构,影响水体后向散射系数光谱特征, 分离水体石油类物质与悬浮颗粒物对后向散射系数光谱的贡献, 能提高水体石油类污染后向散射理论模型的准确性。将美国Wyatt公司生产DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ18角度散射测量仪、美国SEQUOIA公司生产的LISST-100x B粒径仪和美国Hobilabs公司的后向散射仪HydroScat-6 Sprctral Backscattering Sensor(HS6)联动观测,构成后向散射系数光谱测量系统,分别测量不同水样的散射强度电压值、粒径分布及粒径浓度、后向散射系数等参数,提出了利用Mie散射理论计算未知折射系数物质的体散射函数β(λ,θ)的新思路及分离后向散射系数光谱的算法。选择已知折射系数m的石英砂作为颗粒物与采自不同油田区域的油污水进行配比,获取不同特性水样,测定相关数据。首先, 根据Mie散射理论计算出各样本对应的水体体积散射函数β(λ,θ);其次,建立的DAWN HELEOS Ⅱ 18角度激光散射仪测定散射强度对应的电压值V(θ)转化为体积散射函数β(λ,θ)的关系式;再次,根据最优化方法估算出油砂混合的等效折射系数m_os以及油的折射系数m_o;最后,利用β(λ,θ)和估算的m_os值及m_o计算出各类样本的后向散射系数b_b(λ),分别建立油污水b_b,o(λ)和石英砂b_b,s(λ)与油砂混合总b_b,os(λ)的分离算法。分离算法的建立一方面提高了水体石油类污染后向散射理论模型的准确性,另外一方面拓展了米散射理论在海洋水色遥感中的应用。     

渤海近岸水体悬浮颗粒物对后向散射特性的影响研究

进行海洋水体悬浮颗粒物的空间分布及粒径构成对后向散射特性变化影响,研究对于加深水体散射性质的认识、提高水色遥感反演参数的精度及海洋环境监测等具有重要意义。结合渤海海域2017年6月、9月的现场数据,获得了夏季、秋季各站位总悬浮颗粒物浓度(SPM)、颗粒粒径以及后向散射系数等参数并进行研究。结果表明,后向散射系数b_bp在可见光波段随波长的增加而减小;同时,夏季和秋季,大多数站位b_bp(550)的变化趋势与SPM的变化趋势基本一致;在进行两者之间的相关性研究时发现,相关系数R2并不高,仅为0.24。该研究还建立了平均粒径(D_A)、中值粒径(D₅₀)与b_bp的关系,得出D_A与b_bp呈线性关系,受季节及水体颗粒构成的影响,夏季,水体颗粒物以小颗粒为主,两者之间的相关性高于秋季,两个季节的R2分别为0.7和0.3;同时得出当水体以小颗粒为主时,b_bp随D_A增大而增大,以大颗粒为主的时,b_bp随D_A增大而减小。D₅₀与b_bp的关系则不同,两者之间呈现非常好的幂指数关系,在同一季节里,b_bp均随着D₅₀的增大而减小,即水体中颗粒物粒径越小,其后向散射系数越大,夏季和秋季两者之间的相关系数分别为0.66和0.5;并且发现如果不分季节差异,现场水体颗粒物的粒径构成对b_bp的影响很难确定。     

Retrieval of spheroidal particle size distribution using the approximate method in spectral extinction technique

Retrieval of spheroidal particle size distribution using an approximate method in spectral extinction technique is proposed. The combined approximate method, which is the combination of Mie method and generalized eikonal approximation (GEA) method, is used as an alternative to the rigorous solutions to calculate the averaging extinction efficiency of spheroid. Based on the averaging extinction efficiency, the accuracy and limitations of the retrieval are then investigated. Moreover, the validity range and effect of the refractive index are also examined. The Johnson's S_B function in this paper is used as a versatile function to fit the commonly used particle size distribution functions in the dependent model. Simulations and experimental results show that the combined approximate method can be successfully applied to retrieval of spheroidal particle size distribution. In certain constraint conditions, the retrieval results demonstrate the high reliability and stability of the method. By using the combined approximate method, the complexity and computation time of the retrieval are significantly reduced, which is more suitable for quick and easy measurement. The method can also be used as a replacement when the rigorous solutions suffer computationally intractable difficulties.     

鄱阳湖高浑浊水体悬浮颗粒物粒径分布及其对遥感反演的影响

悬浮颗粒物粒径分布特征为水环境结构与功能研究提供了重要信息,但目前针对内陆湖泊的研究还很少。依据2008年—2011年鄱阳湖丰枯水期实测数据,对悬浮颗粒物粒径分布的时空特征及光学特性进行了研究。鄱阳湖悬浮颗粒物粒径具有季节性变化特点：枯水期南部湖区颗粒物粒径大于北部湖区,而丰水期南北部湖区差异不大。同时,悬浮颗粒物粒径分布对水体吸收系数、衰减系数和散射系数都有影响。鄱阳湖水体总颗粒物吸收系数北部观测值高于南部;颗粒物中值粒径与总颗粒物比吸收系数呈负相关关系,这可能是由浑浊水体中存在的矿物颗粒物打包效应引起。鄱阳湖水体总颗粒物衰减系数和散射系数的时空分布规律相似：枯水期具有明显的区域性差异而丰水期区域性差异不大。遥感反射率、总颗粒物散射系数光谱斜率以及颗粒物粒径分布斜率之间的函数关系为遥感反射率表征粒径分布情况以及定量分析悬浮颗粒物粒径分布特征对遥感反射率的影响提供了依据。悬浮颗粒物粒径分布、颗粒物后向散射概率与颗粒物复折射率密切相关,可以反映鄱阳湖水体悬浮颗粒物组分信息。     

Determination of aerosol extinction coefficient and mass extinction efficiency by DOAS with a flashlight source

With the method of differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS）, average concentrations of aerosol particles along light path were measured with a flashlight source in Chiba area during the period of one month. The optical thickness at 550 nm is compared with the concentration of ground-measured suspended particulate matter （SPM）. Good correlations are found between the DOAS and SPM data, leading to the determination of the aerosol mass extinction efficiency （MEE） to be possible in the lower troposphere. The average MEE value is about 7.6m^2.g^-1 , and the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the particle size as determined from the wavelength dependence of the DOAS signal intensity.     

Ambiguity of Polystyrene Aerosol Beads Properties Found with Mie Spectra Analysis

Broadband Mie scattering is used to determine the parameters of polystyrene aerosol beads in air,such as size and wavelength dependence of refractive index.This method consists in the selection of such parameters of the scattering object,which reproduce observed spectrum properties.That is why it is very sensitive and hence very precise.We found that there is an ambiguity of polystyrene aerosol beads properties,determined with this method.Different combinations of polystyrene particle size and its refractive index can give the same position of Mie resonances.This ambiguity leads to an increase in the error in determining the size and refractive index of the particle.The refined errors are calculated and the way of their reduction is indicated.     

大气气溶胶消光特性和折射率的测量

 介绍了一种综合利用能见度仪、微脉冲激光雷达和光学粒子计数器测量大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。首先使用能见度仪和激光雷达测量出大气气溶胶的消光系数和消光后向散射比,然后使用粒子计数器测量出粒子谱分布,结合气溶胶粒子折射率,根据球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论,可以得到气溶胶消光系数和消光后向散射比。通过分析消光系数、消光后向散射比、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系,结合已知的消光系数和消光后向散射比,反演出大气气溶胶粒子的折射率。     

Anomalous diffraction approximation method for retrieval of spherical and spheroidal particle size distributions in total light scattering

Using total light scattering technique to measure the particle size distribution has advantages of simplicity in measurement principle and convenience in the optical arrangement. However, the calculation of extinction efficiency based on Mie theory for a spherical particle is expensive in both time and resources. Thus, a simple but accurate approximation formula for the exact extinction efficiency may be very desirable. The accuracy and limitations of using the anomalous diffraction approximation (ADA) method for calculating the extinction efficiency of a spherical particle are investigated. Meanwhile, the monomodal and bimodal particle size distributions of spherical particles are retrieved using the genetic algorithm in the dependent model. Furthermore, the spheroidal model in the retrieval of non-spherical particle size distribution is also discussed, which verifies the non-sphericity has a significant effect on the retrieval of particle size distribution compared with the assumed homogeneous isotropic sphere. Both numerical computer simulations and experimental results illustrate that the ADA can be successfully applied to retrieve the particle size distributions for spherical and spheroidal particles with high stability even in the presence of random noise. The method has advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and suitability for in-line particle size measurement.     

Determination of the Refractive Index of Water‐dispersible Granules for Use in Laser Diffraction Experiments

Modern laser light scattering equipment can cover a very broad particle size range by using complex algorithms, such as the Mie theory. A disadvantage of this theory, however, is that it requires the knowledge of the refractive index of the particles, which is not straightforward for powdered organic substances. In this study, thiram, a common dithiocarbamate fungicide, was used as a model compound. In a first part, a method was elaborated to determine the refractive index, based on refractive index measurements of solutions of the compound of interest in a range of solvents. Two different extrapolation techniques were compared. Both techniques were validated by applying them to the determination of the refractive indices of poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(methyl methacrylate). Secondly, the influence of the refractive index value on the generated particle size distribution in the laser diffraction software was investigated. It was observed that widely different particle size distributions can be generated by the laser diffraction software for a single experimental data‐set. Therefore, accurate refractive index information is required to obtain reliable particle size distribution results.