Solid-state coordination chemistry: influences of (M(terpyridyl))(M = Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II)) subunits on molybdenum oxide structures

The hydrothermal reactions of Na2MoO4 x 2H2O and 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine with appropriate salts of Fe(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) yield a variety of mixed metal oxide phases. The Cu(II) system affords the molecular cluster [Cu(terpy)MoO4].3H2O (MOXI-40 x 3H2O), as well as a one-dimensional material [Cu(terpy)Mo2O7](MOXI-41) which is constructed from (Mo4O14)4- clusters linked through (Cu(terpy))2+ units. In constrast, the Zn(II) phase of stoichiometry identical to that of MOXI-41, [Zn(terpy)Mo2O7](MOXI-42), exhibits a one-dimensional structure characterized by a (Mo2O7)n2n- chain decorated with peripheral (Zn(terpy))2+ subunits. The iron species [(Fe(terpy))2Mo4O12](MOXI-43) is also one-dimensional but exhibits [(Fe(terpy))2(MoO4)2]2+ rings linked through (MoO4)2- tetrahedra. A persistent structural motif which appears in MOXI-40, MOXI-41, and MOXI-43 is the [(M(terpy))2(MoO4)2]n cluster with a cyclic )(M2Mo2O4) core. In general, the secondary metal sites M(II, III) are effective bridging groups between molybdate subunits of varying degrees of aggregation. Furthermore, the ligands passivate the bimetallic oxide from spatial extension in two or three dimensions and provide a routine entree into low-dimensional structural types of the molybdenum oxide family of materials.     

Solution [Cu(amm)]2+ is a strongly solvated square pyramid: a full account of the copper K-edge XAS spectrum within single-electron theory

The solution structure of Cu(II) in 4 M aqueous ammonia, [Cu(amm)](2+), was assessed using copper K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and Minuit XANes (MXAN) analyses. Tested structures included trigonal planar, planar and D2d -tetragonal, regular and distorted square pyramids, trigonal bipyramids, and Jahn-Teller distorted octahedra. Each approach converged to the same axially elongated square pyramid, 4 x Cu-Neq=2.00+/-0.02 A and 1 x Cu-Nax=2.16+/-0.02 A (EXAFS) or 2.20+/-0.07 A (MXAN), with strongly localized solvation shells. In the MXAN model, four equatorial ammonias averaged 13 degrees below the Cu(II) xy-plane, which was 0.45+/-0.1 A above the mean N4 plane. When the axial ligand equilibrium partial occupancies of about 0.65 ammonia and 0.35 water were included, EXAFS modeling found Cu-Lax distances of 2.16 and 2.31 A, respectively, reproducing the distances found in the crystal structures of [Cu(NH3)5](2+) and [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)](2+). A transverse axially localized solvent molecule was found at 2.8 A (EXAFS) or 3.1 A (MXAN). Six second-shell solvent molecules were also found at about 3.4+/-0.01 (EXAFS) or 3.8+/-0.2 A (MXAN). The structure of Cu(II) in 4 M pH 10 aqueous NH 3 may be notationally described as {[Cu(NH 3)4.62(H2O)0.38](solv)}(2+).6solv, solv=H2O, NH 3. The prominent shoulder and duplexed maximum of the rising K-edge XAS of [Cu(amm)](2+) primarily reflect the durable and well-organized solvation shells, not found around [Cu(H2O)5](2+), rather than two-electron shakedown transitions. Not accounting for solvent scattering thus may confound XAS-based estimates of metal-ligand covalency. [Cu(amm)](2+) continues the dissymmetry previously found for the solution structure of [Cu(H2O)5](2+), again contradicting the rack-bonding theory of blue copper proteins.     

Self-assembly of D-penicillaminato M6M'8 (M = Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II); M' = Cu(I), Ag(I)) clusters and their organization into extended La(III)M6M'8 supramolecular structures

A series of chiral M(6)M'(8) cluster compounds having twelve free carboxylate groups, [M(6)M'(8)(D-pen-N,S)(12)X](5-) (M/M'/X = Pd(II)/Ag(I)/Cl(-) ([1](5-)), Pd(II)/Ag(I)/Br(-) ([2](5-)), Pd(II)/Ag(I)/I(-) ([3](5-)), Ni(II)/Ag(I)/Cl(-) ([4](5-)), Pt(II)/Ag(I)/Cl(-) ([5](5-)), Pd(II)/Cu(I)/Cl(-) ([6](5-)); D-H(2)pen = D-penicillamine), in which six cis-[M(D-pen-N,S)(2)](2-) square-planar units are bound to a [M'(8)X](7+) cubic core through sulfur-bridges, was synthesized by the reactions of cis-[M(D-pen-N,S)(2)](2-) with M' in water in the presence of halide ions. These M(6)M'(8) clusters readily reacted with La(3+) in aqueous buffer to form La(III)(2)M(6)M'(8) heterotrimetallic compounds, La(2)[1](CH(3)COO), La(2)[2](CH(3)COO), La(2)[3](CH(3)COO), La(2)[4](CH(3)COO), La(2)[5](CH(3)COO) and La(2)[6]Cl, in which the M(6)M'(8) cluster units are linked by La(3+) ions through carboxylate groups in a 1?:?2 ratio. While the La(III)(2)M(6)Ag(I)(8) compounds derived from [1](5-), [2](5-), [3](5-), [4](5-) and [5](5-) have a 1D helix supramolecular structure with a right-handedness, the La(III)(2)Pd(II)(6)Cu(I)(8) compound derived from [6](5-) has a 2D sheet-like structure with a triangular grid of the Pd(II)(6)Cu(I)(8) cluster units. When aqueous HCl was added to the reaction solution of [6](5-) and La(3+), another La(III)(2)Pd(II)(6)Cu(I)(8) heterotrimetallic compound, La(2)[6]Cl·HCl, in which the Pd(II)(6)Cu(I)(8) cluster units are linked by La(3+) ions to form a 2D structure with a rectangular grid, was produced. The solid-state structures of these La(III)(2)M(6)M'(8) compounds, determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, along with the spectroscopic properties of the M(6)M'(8) cluster compounds in solution, are described.     

High-nuclearity metal-cyanide clusters: synthesis,magnetic properties,and inclusion behavior of open-cage species incorporating [(tach)M(CN)3] (M = Cr,Fe, Co) complexes

The use of 1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach) as a capping ligand in generating metal-cyanide cage clusters with accessible cavities is demonstrated. The precursor complexes [(tach)M(CN)(3)] (M = Cr, Fe, Co) are synthesized by methods similar to those employed in preparing the analogous 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) complexes. Along with [(tach)Fe(CN)(3)](1)(-), the latter two species are found to adopt low-spin electron configurations. Assembly reactions between [(tach)M(CN)(3)] (M = Fe, Co) and [M'(H(2)O)(6)](2+) (M' = Ni, Co) in aqueous solution afford the clusters [(tach)(4)(H(2)O)(12)Ni(4)Co(4)(CN)(12)](8+), [(tach)(4)(H(2)O)(12)Co(8)(CN)(12)](8+), and [(tach)(4)(H(2)O)(12)Ni(4)Fe(4)(CN)(12)](8+), each possessing a cubic arrangement of eight metal ions linked through edge-spanning cyanide bridges. This geometry is stabilized by hydrogen-bonding interactions between tach and water ligands through an intervening solvate water molecule or bromide counteranion. The magnetic behavior of the Ni(4)Fe(4) cluster indicates weak ferromagnetic coupling (J = 5.5 cm(-)(1)) between the Ni(II) and Fe(III) centers, leading to an S = 6 ground state. Solutions containing [(tach)Fe(CN)(3)] and a large excess of [Ni(H(2)O)(6)](2+) instead yield a trigonal pyramidal [(tach)(H(2)O)(15)Ni(3)Fe(CN)(3)](6+) cluster, in which even weaker ferromagnetic coupling (J = 1.2 cm(-)(1)) gives rise to an S = (7)/(2) ground state. Paralleling reactions previously performed with [(Me(3)tacn)Cr(CN)(3)], [(tach)Cr(CN)(3)] reacts with [Ni(H(2)O)(6)](2+) in aqueous solution to produce [(tach)(8)Cr(8)Ni(6)(CN)(24)](12+), featuring a structure based on a cube of Cr(III) ions with each face centered by a square planar [Ni(CN)(4)](2)(-) unit. The metal-cyanide cage differs somewhat from that of the analogous Me(3)tacn-ligated cluster, however, in that it is distorted via compression along a body diagonal of the cube. Additionally, the compact tach capping ligands do not hinder access to the sizable interior cavity of the molecule, permitting host-guest chemistry. Mass spectrometry experiments indicate a 1:1 association of the intact cluster with tetrahydrofuran (THF) in aqueous solution, and a crystal structure shows the THF molecule to be suspended in the middle of the cluster cavity. Addition of THF to an aqueous solution containing [(tach)Co(CN)(3)] and [Cu(H(2)O)(6)](2+) templates the formation of a closely related cluster, [(tach)(8)(H(2)O)(6)Cu(6)Co(8)(CN)(24) superset THF](12+), in which paramagnetic Cu(II) ions with square pyramidal coordination are situated on the face-centering sites. Reactions intended to produce the cubic [(tach)(4)(H(2)O)(12)Co(8)(CN)(12)](8+) cluster frequently led to an isomeric two-dimensional framework, [(tach)(H(2)O)(3)Co(2)(CN)(3)](2+), exhibiting mer rather than fac stereochemistry at the [Co(H(2)O)(3)](2+) subunits. Attempts to assemble larger edge-bridged cubic clusters by reacting [(tach)Cr(CN)(3)] with [Ni(cyclam)](2+) (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) complexes instead generated extended one- or two-dimensional solids. The magnetic properties of one of these solids, two-dimensional [(tach)(2)(cyclam)(3)Ni(3)Cr(2)(CN)(6)]I(2), suggest metamagnetic behavior, with ferromagnetic intralayer coupling and weak antiferromagnetic interactions between layers.     

Copper-complex-linked polytungsto-bismuthate (-antimonite) chain containing sandwich Cu(II) ions partially modified with imidazole ligand

Two sandwich-type complexes Na9n(Cu(im)4(H2O)2)1.5n(Cu(im)4(H2O))n[{Cu(im)4}{Na(H2O)2}3{Cu3(im)2(H2O)}(XW9O33)2]2n .(xH2O)n (im=imidazole, X=Bi (1), Sb(2), x=42.5 (1), 40 (2)) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Basic frameworks of 1 and 2 are built from sandwich-type [{Na(H2O) 2} 3{Cu3(im)2(H2O)}(XW9O33)2](9-) (X=Bi or Sb) anions and [Cu(im) 4](2+) cations. The Cu(2+) and Na(+) ions in the central belt are coordinated by alpha-[XW9O33](9-) units, im, and water molecules to form {CuO4(im)}, {CuO4(H2O)}, and {NaO4(H2O)2} groups in which Cu (2+) ions are partially modified with im ligands. These groups connect alternately forming a six-membered ring including six alpha-[XW9O 33](9-) units. Neighboring anions are further linked by [Cu(im) 4](2+) cations to display an unprecedented anionic chain, which is first observed in sandwich-type tungsto-bismuthate (-antimonite) system. Two kinds of isolated copper complexes and sodium ions are located as counterions, which cause three-dimensional packings of 1 and 2 to present interesting cage structures. The magnetic properties for 1 and 2 both indicate dominant antiferromagnetic interactions among trinuclear Cu(II) clusters.     

Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of a Novel Copper(II) Complex with an Asymmetric Coordinated 2,2'-Bipyridine Derivative: A Model for the Associative Complex in the Ligand-Substitution Reactions of [Cu(tren)L](2+)?

The titled compound, (tris(2-aminoethyl)amine)(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one) copper(II) perchlorate, [Cu(C(6)H(18)N(4))(C(11)H(6)N(2)O)(ClO(4))(2)], 1, has been designed, synthesized, and characterized. The electronic and ESR spectra are very different from those of [Cu(tren)L](2+) complexes where L is monodentate ligand. The X-ray analysis revealed that the complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, with a = 10.726(6) ?, b = 14.921(7) ?, c = 14.649(4) ?, beta = 95.13(3) degrees, and Z = 4. The copper(II) ion is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) and two nitrogen atoms from 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dzf) to form an unusual six-coordinate (4 + 1 + 1') geometry. The structure is very rare, and to our knowledge, it is the first example of an asymmetric bidentate phenanthroline derivative metal complex. The structure could be used as a model of the associative complex in the ligand-exchange and ligand-substitution reactions of [Cu(tren)L](2+) and the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes involving copper sites. From the electronic and variable-temperature ESR spectra in solution, the possible mechanism of these reactions has also been proposed. As a comparison, the complex [Cu(tren)(ImH)(ClO(4))(2)], 2, was also synthesized and characterized, where ImH is imidazole.     

New terpyridine-containing macrocycle for the assembly of dimeric Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes coupled by bridging hydroxide anions and pi-stacking interactions

The synthesis of the new terpyridine-containing macrocycle 2,5,8,11,14-pentaaza[15](6,6' ')cyclo(2,2':6',2' ')terpyridinophane (L) is reported. The ligand contains a pentaamine chain linking the 6,6' ' positions of a terpyridine unit. A potentiometric, (1)H NMR, UV-vis spectrophotometric and fluorescence emission study on the acid-base properties of L in aqueous solutions shows that the first four protonation steps occur on the polyamine chain, whereas the terpyridine nitrogens are involved in proton binding only at strongly acidic pH values. L can form both mono- and dinuclear Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) complexes in aqueous solution. The crystal structures of the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes ([ZnLH](2)(micro-OH))(ClO(4))(5) (6) and ([CdLH](2)(micro-Br))(ClO(4))(5).4H(2)O (7) show that two mononuclear [MLH](3+) units are coupled by a bridging anion (OH(-) in 6 and Br(-) in 7) and pi-stacking interactions between the terpyridine moieties. A potentiometric and spectrophotometric study shows that in the case of Cu(II) and Zn(II) the dimeric assemblies are also formed in aqueous solution containing the ligand and the metals in a 1:1 molar ratio. Protonation of the complexes or the addition of a second metal ion leads to the disruption of the dimers due to the increased electrostatic repulsions between the two monomeric units.     

Novel 3D, 2D, and 0D first-row coordination compounds with 4,4'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide incorporating sulfur-containing anions

The reaction of M(S2O6) (M = Cu(II), Ni(II), and Co(II)) with 4,4'-bipyridine-N,N'-dioxide (bpdo) results in the formation of novel 3D, 2D, and mononuclear complexes. Complex 1, {[Cu(H2O)(bpdo)2](S2O6)(H2O)}n, is a 2-D wavelike polymer with the Cu(II) ion located on a 2-fold axis and having a distorted square-pyramidal coordination sphere. With Co(II) and Ni(II), 3-D complexes, {[M(bpdo)3](S2O6)(C2H5OH)7}n [M = Co(II) (2), Ni(II) (3)], were obtained. The metal atoms are situated on centers of symmetry and have octahedral environments coordinated to six bpdo molecules. The same reaction in aqueous solution with a metal/ligand ratio of 1:1 results in the formation of mononuclear complexes, {[M(bpdo)(H2O)5](SO4)(H2O)2} [M = Co(II) (4), Ni(II) (5)], accompanied by the decomposition of the dithionate anions S2O6(2-) to sulfate anions SO4(2-).     

The arrangement of first- and second-shell water molecules in trivalent aluminum complexes: results from density functional theory and structural crystallography

The structural and energetic features of a variety of gas-phase aluminum ion hydrates containing up to 18 water molecules have been studied computationally using density functional theory. Comparisons are made with experimental data from neutron diffraction studies of aluminum-containing crystal structures listed in the Cambridge Structural Database. Computational studies indicate that the hexahydrated structure Al[H(2)O](6)(3+) (with symmetry T(h)()), in which all six water molecules are located in the innermost coordination shell, is lower in energy than that of Al[H(2)O](5)(3+).[H(2)O], where only five water molecules are in the inner shell and one water molecule is in the second shell. The analogous complex with four water molecules in the inner shell and two in the outer shell undergoes spontaneous proton transfer during the optimization to give [Al[H(2)O](2)[OH](2)](+).[H(3)O(+)](2), which is lower in energy than Al[H(2)O](6)(3+); this finding of H(3)O(+) is consistent with the acidity of concentrated Al(3+) solutions. Since, however, Al[H(2)O](6)(3+) is detected in solutions of Al(3+), additional water molecules are presumed to stabilize the hexa-aquo Al(3+) cation. Three models of a trivalent aluminum ion complex surrounded by a total of 18 water molecules arranged in a first shell containing 6 water molecules and a second shell of 12 water molecules are discussed. We find that a model with S(6) symmetry for which the Al[H(2)O](6)(3+) unit remains essentially octahedral and participates in an integrated hydrogen bonded network with the 12 outer-shell water molecules is lowest in energy. Interactions between the 12 second-shell water molecules and the trivalent aluminum ion in Al[H(2)O](6)(3+) do not appear to be sufficiently strong to orient the dipole moments of these second-shell water molecules toward the Al(3+) ion.     

Studies of the optical band positions and EPR g factors for Cu(H2O)6(2+) centers in Tutton salt crystals

The optical band positions and EPR g factors g(i) (i = x, y, z) of Cu(H(2)O)(6)(2+) clusters in pure Tutton salts M(2)Cu(SO(4))(2)·6H(2)O (M = NH(4), Rb) are calculated from the complete diagonalization (of energy matrix) method based on the cluster approach. In the calculation, the superposition model with the structural data is used to obtain the crystal-field parameters. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values, suggesting that the complete diagonalization method and superposition model are effective in the studies of optical and EPR data. The g factors g(i) of Cu(H(2)O)(6)(2+) clusters in Cu(2+)-doped isomorphous diamagnetic Tutton salts M(2)Zn(SO(4))(2)·6H(2)O are also studied from the same method. It is found that the approximately tetragonally compressed Zn(H(2)O)(6)(2+) octahedra in the host crystals change to the approximately tetragonally elongated Cu(H(2)O)(6)(2+) octahedra in the impurity centers. The causes concerning the Jahn-Teller effect are discussed. It appears that in some cases the octahedral environment of an impurity M(I) in crystals differs from that of the replaced host ion, but is close to the one in the isomorphous pure crystals where M(I) is the host ion rather than the impurity ion.     

Computational study of the Zr4+ tetranuclear polymer, [Zr4(OH)8(H2O)16]8+

The Zr(4+) tetramer, [Zr(4)(OH)(8)(H(2)O)(16)](8+), is thought to be the major component of the Zr(4+) polymer system in aqueous solution, present as a dominant ionic cluster species compared to other Zr(4+) clusters under various experimental conditions. Despite widespread applications of zirconium, the structure and dynamics of the tetramer in aqueous solution are not well understood. We conducted a combination of ab initio molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical studies in the gas phase and aqueous solution and related our results to the available experimental data to provide atom-level information on the behavior of this species in aqueous solution. Our simulations indicate that the tetramer structure is stable on the picosecond time scale in an aqueous environment and that it is of a planar form, comprising eight-coordinated Zr(4+) ions with an antiprism/irregular dodecahedron ligand arrangement. In combination with our studies of Zr(4+) dimer and trimer clusters, our results provide detailed geometrical information on structural motifs for building zirconium polymers and suggest a possible polymerization path.     

Monopicolinate cyclen and cyclam derivatives for stable copper(II) complexation

The syntheses of a new 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) derivative bearing a picolinate pendant arm (HL1), and its 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (cyclam) analogue HL2, were achieved by using two different selective-protection methods involving the preparation of cyclen-bisaminal or phosphoryl cyclam derivatives. The acid-base properties of both compounds were investigated as well as their coordination chemistry, especially with Cu(2+), in aqueous solution and in solid state. The copper(II) complexes were synthesized, and the single crystal X-ray diffraction structures of compounds of formula [Cu(HL)](ClO(4))(2)·H(2)O (L = L1 or L2), [CuL1](ClO(4)) and [CuL2]Cl·2H(2)O, were determined. These studies revealed that protonation of the complexes occurs on the carboxylate group of the picolinate moiety. Stability constants of the complexes were determined at 25.0 °C and ionic strength 0.10 M in KNO(3) using potentiometric titrations. Both ligands form complexes with Cu(2+) that are thermodynamically very stable. Additionally, both HL1 and HL2 exhibit an important selectivity for Cu(2+) over Zn(2+). The kinetic inertness in acidic medium of both complexes of Cu(2+) was evaluated by spectrophotometry revealing that [CuL2](+) is much more inert than [CuL1](+). The determined half-life values also demonstrate the very high kinetic inertness of [CuL2](+) when compared to a list of copper(II) complexes of other macrocyclic ligands. The coordination geometry of the copper center in the complexes was established in aqueous solution from UV-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, showing that the solution structures of both complexes are in excellent agreement with those of crystallographic data. Cyclic voltammetry experiments point to a good stability of the complexes with respect to metal ion dissociation upon reduction of the metal ion to Cu(+) at about neutral pH. Our results revealed that the cyclam-based ligand HL2 is a very attractive receptor for copper(II), presenting a fast complexation process, a high kinetic inertness, and important thermodynamic and electrochemical stability.     

Are gas-phase reactions of five-coordinate divalent metal ion complexes affected by coordination geometry?

Five-coordinate metal complex ions of the type [ML](2+) [where M = Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and L= 1,9-bis(2-pyridyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (DIEN-(pyr)(2)) and 1,9-bis(2-imidazolyl)-2,5,8-triazanonane (DIEN-(imi)(2)] have been reacted with acetonitrile in the gas phase using a modified quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions show that the reactivity of these complexes is affected by metal electronic structure and falls into three groups: Mn(II) and Ni(II) complexes are the most reactive, Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes exhibit intermediate reactivity, and Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes are the least reactive. To help explain the experimental trends in reactivity, theoretical calculations have been used. Due to the relatively large size of the metal complexes involved, we have utilized a two-layered ONIOM method to perform geometry optimizations and single point energy calculations for the [ML](2+) and [ML + CH(3)CN](2+) systems. The calculations show that the reactant five-coordinate complexes ([ML](2+)) exhibit structures that are slightly distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometries, while the six-coordinate complexes ([ML + CH(3)CN](2+)) have geometries that are close to octahedral. The Delta G values obtained from the ONIOM calculations roughly agree with the experimental data, but the calculations fail to completely explain the trends for the different metal complexes. The failure to consider all possible isomers as well as adequately represent pi-d interactions for the metal complexes is the likely cause of this discrepancy. Using the angular overlap model (AOM) to obtain molecular orbital stabilization energies (MOSE) also fails to reproduce the experimental trends when only sigma interactions are considered but succeeds in explaining the trends when pi interactions are taken into account. These results indicate that the pi-donor character of the CH(3)CN plays a subtle, yet important, role in controlling the reactivity of these five-coordinate complexes. Also, the AOM calculations are consistent with the experimental data when the [ML](2+) complexes have high-spin trigonal bipyramidal configurations. Generally, these results suggest that ion-molecule reactions can be very sensitive to metal complex coordination geometry and thus may have some promise for providing gas-phase coordination structure.     

Structural characterization and formation kinetics of sitting-atop (SAT) complexes of some porphyrins with copper(II) ion in aqueous acetonitrile relevant to porphyrin metalation mechanism. Structures of aquacopper(II) and cu(II)-SAT complexes as determined by XAFS spectroscopy

The formation of the sitting-atop (SAT) complexes of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (H(2)tpp), 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrin (H(2)t(4-Clp)p), 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrin (H(2)tmp), and 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin (H(2)oep) with the Cu(II) ion was spectrophotometrically confirmed in aqueous acetonitrile (AN), and the formation rates were determined as a function of the water concentration (C(W)). The decrease in the conditional first-order rate constants with the increasing C(W) was reproduced by taking into consideration the contribution of [Cu(H(2)O)(an)(5)](2+) in addition to [Cu(an)(6)](2+) to form the Cu(II)-SAT complexes. The second-order rate constants for the reaction of [Cu(an)(6)](2+) and [Cu(H(2)O)(an)(5)](2+) at 298 K were respectively determined as follows: (4.1 +/- 0.2) x 10(5) and (3.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) for H(2)tpp, (1.15 +/- 0.06) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) and negligible for H(2)t(4-Clp)p, and (4.8 +/- 0.3) x 10(3) and (1.3 +/- 0.3) x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1) for H(2)tmp. Since the reaction of H(2)oep was too fast to observe the reaction trace due to the dead time of 2 ms for the present stopped-flow technique, the rate constant was estimated to be greater than 1.5 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). According to the structure of the Cu(II)-SAT complexes determined by the fluorescent XAFS measurements, two pyrrolenine nitrogens of the meso-substituted porphyrins (H(2)tpp and H(2)tmp) bind to the Cu(II) ion with a Cu-N(pyr) distance of ca. 2.04 A, while those of the beta-pyrrole-substituted porphyrin (H(2)oep) coordinate with the corresponding bond distance of 1.97 A. The shorter distance of H(2)oep is ascribed to the flexibility of the porphyrin ring, and the much greater rate for the formation of the Cu(II)-SAT complex of H(2)oep than those for the meso-substituted porphyrins is interpreted as due to a small energetic loss at the porphyrin deformation step during the formation of the Cu(II)-SAT complex. The overall formation constants, beta(n), of [Cu(H(2)O)(n)()(an)(6)(-)(n)](2+) for the water addition in aqueous AN were spectrophotometrically determined at 298 K as follows: log(beta(1)/M(-1)) = 1.19 +/- 0.18, log(beta(2)/M(-2)) = 1.86 +/- 0.35, and log(beta(3)/M(-3)) = 2.12 +/- 0.57. The structure parameters around the Cu(II) ion in [Cu(H(2)O)(n)(an)(6-n)](2+) were determined using XAFS spectroscopy.     

Unraveling the Coordination Geometry of Copper(II) Ions in Aqueous Solution through Absorption Intensity

Strong colors: The solvation structure of copper(II) ions in water can be determined by optical absorption spectroscopy. Focus is placed on the absorption intensity (green: Cs(2) Cu(SO(4) )(2) ?6?H(2) O, black: CuSO(4) ?5?H(2) O, red: Cu(2+) in aqueous solution, and blue: Cu(2+) in glass). A dynamical model based on a Jahn-Teller-distorted complex describes the coordination of copper(II) ions in hydrate crystals and aqueous solution.     

The encapsulation of ferrocyanide by copper(II) complexes of tripodal tetradentate ligands. Novel H-bonding networks incorporating heptanuclear and pentanuclear heterometallic assemblies

Substitution of the weakly binding aqua ligand in [Cu(tren)OH2](2+) and [Cu(tpa)OH2](2+) (tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine; tpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) by a cyano ligand on ferricyanide results in the assembly of heteropolynuclear cations around the cyanometalate core. In water, the reduction of the Fe(III) core to Fe(II) generates complexes that feature heteropolycations in which ferrocyanide is encapsulated by the Cu(II) moieties: [(Cu(tpa)CN)6Fe][ClO4]8-3H2O 1, [(Cu(tren)CN)6Fe][ClO4]8-10H2O 2, [(Cu(tren)CN)6Fe][Fe(CN)6]2[ClO4]2-15.8H2O 3, and [(Cu(tren)CN)6Fe][(Cu(tren)CN)4Fe(CN)2][Fe(CN)6)]4-6DMSO-21H2O 4. The formation of discrete molecules, in preference to extended networks or polymeric structures, has been encouraged through the use of branched tetradentate ligands in conjunction with copper(II), a metal center with the propensity to form five-coordinate complexes. Complex 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c (#14) with a = 14.8674(10), b = 25.9587(10), c = 27.5617(10) A, beta = 100.8300(10) degrees, and Z = 4, and it is comprised of almost spherical heptanuclear cations, [(Cu(tren)CN)6Fe](8+), whose charge is balanced by two ferricyanide and two perchlorate counteranions. Complex 4 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 (# 1) with a = 14.8094(8), b = 17.3901(7), c = 21.1565(11) A, alpha = 110.750(3), beta = 90.206(2), gamma = 112.754(3) degrees, and Z = 1, and it is comprised of the heptanuclear [(Cu(tren)CN)6Fe](8+) cation and pentanuclear [(Cu(tren)CN)4Fe(CN)2](4+) cation, whose terminal cyano ligands are oriented trans to each other. The charge is balanced exclusively by ferricyanide counteranions. In both complexes, H-bonding interactions between hydrogens on primary amines of the tren ligand, terminal cyano groups of the ferricyanide counterions, and the solvent of crystallization generate intricate 3D H-bonding networks.     

Structure and hydration of the C4H4●+ ion formed by electron impact ionization of acetylene clusters

Here we report ion mobility experiments and theoretical studies aimed at elucidating the identity of the acetylene dimer cation and its hydrated structures. The mobility measurement indicates the presence of more than one isomer for the C(4)H(4)(●+) ion in the cluster beam. The measured average collision cross section of the C(4)H(4)(●+) isomers in helium (38.9 ± 1 A?(2)) is consistent with the calculated cross sections of the four most stable covalent structures calculated for the C(4)H(4)(●+) ion [methylenecyclopropene (39.9 A?(2)), 1,2,3-butatriene (41.1 A?(2)), cyclobutadiene (38.6 A?(2)), and vinyl acetylene (41.1 A?(2))]. However, none of the single isomers is able to reproduce the experimental arrival time distribution of the C(4)H(4)(●+) ion. Combinations of cyclobutadiene and vinyl acetylene isomers show excellent agreement with the experimental mobility profile and the measured collision cross section. The fragment ions obtained by the dissociation of the C(4)H(4)(●+) ion are consistent with the cyclobutadiene structure in agreement with the vibrational predissociation spectrum of the acetylene dimer cation (C(2)H(2))(2)(●+) [R. A. Relph, J. C. Bopp, J. R. Roscioli, and M. A. Johnson, J. Chem. Phys. 131, 114305 (2009)]. The stepwise hydration experiments show that dissociative proton transfer reactions occur within the C(4)H(4)(●+)(H(2)O)(n) clusters with n ≥ 3 resulting in the formation of protonated water clusters. The measured binding energy of the C(4)H(4)(●+)H(2)O cluster, 38.7 ± 4 kJ/mol, is in excellent agreement with the G3(MP2) calculated binding energy of cyclobutadiene(●+)·H(2)O cluster (41 kJ/mol). The binding energies of the C(4)H(4)(●+)(H(2)O)(n) clusters change little from n = 1 to 5 (39-48 kJ/mol) suggesting the presence of multiple binding sites with comparable energies for the water-C(4)H(4)(●+) and water-water interactions. A significant entropy loss is measured for the addition of the fifth water molecule suggesting a structure with restrained water molecules, probably a cyclic water pentamer within the C(4)H(4)(●+)(H(2)O)(5) cluster. Consequently, a drop in the binding energy of the sixth water molecule is observed suggesting a structure in which the sixth water molecule interacts weakly with the C(4)H(4)(●+)(H(2)O)(5) cluster presumably consisting of a cyclobutadiene(●+) cation hydrogen bonded to a cyclic water pentamer. The combination of ion mobility, dissociation, and hydration experiments in conjunction with the theoretical calculations provides strong evidence that the (C(2)H(2))(2)(●+) ions are predominantly present as the cyclobutadiene cation with some contribution from the vinyl acetylene cation.     

Synthesis and magnetism of oxygen-bridged tetranuclear defect dicubane Co(II) and Ni(II) clusters

Reaction of aqueous/ethanolic solutions of CoCl2.6H2O and nitrilotripropionic acid (H3ntp=N(CH2CH2COOH)3) in the presence of potassium hydroxide affords the hydroxy-bridged tetranuclear cluster [Co4mu3-OH)2(H2O)6(ntp)2].2H2O (1). The Ni(II) analogue [Ni4(mu3-OH)2(H2O)6(ntp)2].2H2O (2) can also be isolated using aqueous solutions and Ni(SO4).7H2O as metal salt. With small changes in reaction conditions the methoxy-bridged analogue, [Ni4(mu3-OMe)2(H2O)6(ntp)2](3), can also be isolated. In these tetramers the M(II) ions are oxygen-bridged and exhibit a defect dicubane-like core with two missing vertices. The magnetic properties have been studied for all three clusters and reveal competing antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions between the four Co(II) ions in 1 and ferromagnetic coupling between the four Ni(II) ions in 2 and 3. In all three compounds the individual clusters order antiferromagnetically at Neel temperatures below 1 K.     

Synthesis and characterization of copper-, zinc-, manganese-, and cobalt-substituted dimeric heteropolyanions, [(alpha-XW9O33)2M3(H2O)3](n-) (n = 12, X =As(III), Sb(III), M = Cu(2+), Zn(2+); n = 10, X = Se(IV), Te(IV), M = Cu(2+) and [(alpha-AsW9O33)2WO(H2O)M2(H2O)2](10-) (M = Zn(2+), Mn(2+), Co(2+)

Interaction of the lacunary [alpha-XW9O33](9-) (X = As(III), Sb(III)) with Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions in neutral, aqueous medium leads to the formation of dimeric polyoxoanions, [(alpha-XW9O33)2M3(H2O)3](12-) (M = Cu(2+), Zn(2+); X = As(III), Sb(III)), in high yield. The selenium and tellurium analogues of the copper-containing heteropolyanions are also reported: [(alpha-XW9O33)2Cu3(H2O)3](10-) (X = Se(IV), Te(IV)). The polyanions consist of two [alpha-XW9O33] units joined by three equivalent Cu(2+) (X = As, Sb, Se, Te) or Zn(2+) (X = As, Sb) ions. All copper and zinc ions have one terminal water molecule resulting in square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Therefore, the title anions have idealized D3h symmetry. The space between the three transition metal ions is occupied by three sodium ions (M = Cu(2+), Zn(2+); X = As(III), Sb(III)) or potassium ions (M = Cu(2+); X = Se(IV), Te(IV)) leading to a central belt of six metal atoms alternating in position. Reaction of [alpha-AsW9O33](9-) with Zn(2+), Co(2+), and Mn(2+) ions in acidic medium (pH = 4-5) results in the same structural type but with a lower degree of transition-metal substitution, [(alpha-AsW9O33)2WO(H2O)M2(H2O)2](10-) (M = Zn(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+)). All nine compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The solution properties of [(alpha-XW9O33)2Zn3(H2O)3](12-) (X = As(III), Sb(III)) were also studied by 183W-NMR spectroscopy.     

Speciation of copper(II) complexes in an ionic liquid based on choline chloride and in choline chloride/water mixtures

A deep-eutectic solvent with the properties of an ionic liquid is formed when choline chloride is mixed with copper(II) chloride dihydrate in a 1:2 molar ratio. EXAFS and UV-vis-near-IR optical absorption spectroscopy have been used to compare the coordination sphere of the cupric ion in this ionic liquid with that of the cupric ion in solutions of 0.1 M of CuCl(2)·2H(2)O in solvents with varying molar ratios of choline chloride and water. The EXAFS data show that species with three chloride ions and one water molecule coordinated to the cupric ion as well as species with two chloride molecules and two water molecules coordinated to the cupric ion are present in the ionic liquid. On the other hand, a fully hydrated copper(II) ion is formed in an aqueous solution free of choline chloride, and the tetrachlorocuprate(II) complex forms in aqueous choline chloride solutions with more than 50 wt % of choline chloride. In solutions with between 0 and 50 wt % of choline chloride, mixed chloro-aquo complexes occur. Upon standing at room temperature, crystals of CuCl(2)·2H(2)O and of Cu(choline)Cl(3) formed in the ionic liquid. Cu(choline)Cl(3) is the first example of a choline cation coordinating to a transition-metal ion. Crystals of [choline](3)[CuCl(4)][Cl] and of [choline](4)[Cu(4)Cl(10)O] were also synthesized from molecular or ionic liquid solvents, and their crystal structures were determined.