银催化重氮酯与苯胺,亚胺的三组分反应（英文）

过渡金属催化重氮化合物的卡宾转移反应是有机合成反应的重要研究对象.在这一类反应中,包括环丙烷化、X-H(X=C,N,O,Si,S)插入以及羰基/亚胺叶立德环加成等反应得到了广泛的研究.2003年,胡文浩和Doyle课题组报道了一种新型的反应,即亚胺捕获看似不稳定的氨基叶立德中间体,合成具有高非对映选择性的1,2-二胺化合物.之后,他们又报道了一系列有关氨基叶立德和氧叶立德的研究,与不同的捕获剂,如酮,醛,β,γ-不饱和α羰基羧酸酯和偶氮二酸酸酯等发生反应,生成多种多样的产物类型,基本上都是采用Rh(Ⅲ)催化剂.迄今为止,没有采用其他类型的过渡金属催化剂的报道.最近,本课题组研究发现,银盐可以作为重氮化合物卡宾转移反应的催化剂,实现了重氮化合物与醛的[2+1]环加成反应合成环氧乙烷类化合物,及重氮化合物与醛、炔/烯三组分的[2+2+1]环加成反应合成二氢呋喃/四氢呋喃类化合物,在这些反应中,加入不同的配体可以调节Ag(Ⅰ)催化剂的催化活性,从而实现不同的反应过程.基于此,本文将探索Ag(Ⅰ)做催化剂催化重氮化合物与芳基胺及亚胺的三组分反应合成一系列1,2-二胺类化合物.研究发现,采用AgOTf/双噁唑啉配体配体作为催化剂组合,可以顺利地实现Ag(Ⅰ)催化重氮酯、芳基胺及亚胺的三组分反应.尝试了不同的配体,包括膦配体、卡宾配体以及双噁唑啉配体,最后发现,双噁唑啉配体配位的Ag(Ⅰ)催化反应的效果最好,极大地提高了Ag(Ⅰ)催化剂的催化活性,其具体的作用机理值得进一步研究.反应中,Ag(Ⅰ)催化剂的Lewis酸性对二胺产物的非对映选择性有较大的影响.其中,在对硝基苯基亚胺的反应中,产物的非对映选择性很高,大于铑催化反应的结果;而在其他类型亚胺的反应中,反应的非对映选择性较差.另一方面,由于Ag(Ⅰ)的Lewis酸性,反应过程中发生亚胺与芳基胺的氨基交换反应,从而导致氨基交换的二胺副产物的生成.本文对不同反应底物的各种效应进行了比较详细的研究.     

重氮化合物参与的不对称催化多组分反应

综述了近年来我们研究小组在重氮化合物参与的不对称催化多组分反应方面的研究进展.基于对重氮化合物经由金属卡宾而生成的羟基叶立德、氨基叶立德或活泼离子对中间体的亲电捕捉,以及不同模式的协同催化策略,发展了不同类型的不对称催化多组分反应,实现了多种高效构建多官能团手性化合物的合成策略.     

三氟甲磺酸铜(Ⅱ)催化的苯乙烯基重氮乙酸甲酯和芳胺的插入反应

在三氟甲磺酸铜催化下,苯烯基重氮甲酯和苯胺(2)在多种溶剂下发生插入反应,主要产物是α,β-不饱和γ-氨基酸衍生物.以二氯甲烷为溶剂时,产物的区域选择性随2上取代基不同而发生变化.通过在铜催化剂中加入配体,可以获得低的对映选择性.     

均相催化的醇和胺借氢反应

醇和胺的借氢反应是一种制备胺类化合物的绿色途径。本文介绍了借氢反应的概念,并重点介绍了均相催化的醇和胺之间借氢反应的起源、重要进展以及未来的发展趋势。     

钯催化α-重氮芳基乙酸酯对苯酚O—H键的不对称插入反应

钯催化剂是一类重要的金属催化剂,在有机合成中应用非常广泛.过去几十年里,钯催化的不对称反应也取得了巨大的成就,但是,对于卡宾转移这类非常重要的有机反应,很少有钯催化剂能够给出高对映选择性.最近,南开大学化学学院周其林和朱守非带领课题组实现了首例钯催化不对称O—H键插入反应,获得了很高的对映选择性(最高达到99%ee).这类钯催化不对称卡宾转移反应首次实现了重要手性砌块α-芳氧基苯乙酸衍生物的不对称催化合     

卡宾催化对亚甲基苯醌的不对称硼化反应的研究

使用商业化的手性三氮唑盐和联硼酸频哪醇酯[B₂(pin)₂],实现了N-杂环卡宾催化的对亚甲基苯醌的1,6-不对称硼加成反应.该反应条件温和,底物适用范围广,官能团耐受性好,且有良好的反应收率及对映选择性.值得注意的是,在无过渡金属存在下,即使催化剂用量降至底物的0.1 mol%,反应仍能保持高收率和高对映选择性.     

不对称催化构建硅立体中心化合物的新反应体系研究进展

过去二十年以来,硅立体中心手性有机硅化合物在有机合成、材料科学和药物设计等领域引起了广泛关注.然而,有机硅化合物的来源局限性大大限制了其在这些领域的应用拓展.因此,发展高效、高选择性的不对称催化合成方法以获得硅立体中心手性有机硅化合物是亟需解决的挑战性难题.主要综述了2011年以来通过不对称催化合成硅立体中心手性有机硅化合物的最新研究进展.     

过渡金属与有机分子协同催化:高对映选择性卡宾对脂肪胺N-H键的插入反应

过渡金属催化的卡宾对X-H(X=C,Si,N,O,S)键的插入反应是卡宾的一类特征反应,在有机合成中应用广泛[1].其中N-H键插入是构建C—N键的一种高效方法,特别是相应的不对称催化,对合成含氮手性化合物具有重要意义.近年来,人们以芳香胺或酰胺作为底物,在手性过渡金属催化剂的存在下,实现了卡宾对其N—H键高对映选择性的插入反应,从而发展了天然或非天然α-手性氨基酸衍生物合成的新方法[2].     

过渡金属催化高选择性膦氢化反应

本文总结了过去几十年特别是近15年来过渡金属催化下各种含磷-氢键的膦氢化合物对炔烃的高选择性膦氢化反应,详尽叙述了其发现、发展和现状.自1996年来,过渡金属催化高选择性膦氢化反应研究工作发展迅速,各种高选择性膦氢化反应不断开发,目前已具有底物适用范围广、过渡金属催化剂活性高、反应选择性高、原子经济性高、以及能满足不同合成需求等优点,并逐步向反应条件温和化、金属催化剂简单化、无配体化、合成步骤简易化以及原料催化剂成本低价化方向发展.虽然如此,至今仍缺乏关于本研究全面的综述和介绍,希望本文可以弥补文献缺陷,对过渡金属催化高选择性膦氢化反应研究有个客观全面的介绍.过渡金属催化烯烃的不对称膦氢化反应合成碳手性或磷手性的光学活性有机磷化合物作为相关研究中的起步最晚的分支,本文也将作阶段小结.     

铜催化α-重氮酮对硼氢键的不对称插入反应

手性有机硼化合物在有机合成、医药、材料等诸多领域中有广泛的应用,发展该类化合物的高效合成方法一直广受关注.此前,我们发展了过渡金属催化卡宾对硼氢键(B—H)的插入反应,并实现了α-重氮酯对B—H键的不对称插入反应.本文以手性螺环双噁唑啉配体和铜的络合物作为催化剂,首次实现了α-重氮酮对膦-硼烷加合物的B—H键不对称插入反应,获得了较高的收率和高达83%ee的对映选择性.该研究成果是为数不多的以α-重氮酮作为卡宾前体的不对称杂原子氢键插入反应,为手性α-硼取代酮化合物这类新的有机硼化合物的合成提供了有效方法.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Chromans Through Bifunctional Enamine-Metal Lewis Acid Catalysis

Cooperative enamine-metal Lewis acid catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to construct carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions. A concise synthetic method for asymmetric synthesis of chromans from cyclohexanones and salicylaldehydes has been developed to afford tricyclic chromans containing three consecutive stereogenic centers in good yields (up to 87 %) and stereoselectivity (up to 99 % ee and 11 : 1 : 1 dr). This difficult organic transformation was achieved through bifunctional enamine-metal Lewis acid catalysis. It is believed that the strong activation of the salicylaldehydes through chelating to the metal Lewis acid and the bifunctional nature of the catalyst accounts for the high yields and enantioselectivity of the reaction. The absolute configurations of the chroman products were established through X-ray crystallography. DFT calculations were conducted to understand the mechanism and stereoselectivity of this reaction.     

Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyanidophosphates

Salts containing new cyanido(fluorido)phosphate anions of the general formula [PF_6?n(CN)_n]^? (n=1–4) were synthesized by a very mild Lewis‐acid‐catalyzed synthetic protocol and fully characterized. All [PF_6?n(CN)_n]^? (n=1–4) salts could be isolated on a preparative scale. It was also possible to detect the [PF(CN)₅]^? but not the [P(CN)₆]^? anion. The best results with respect to purity, yield, and low cost were obtained when the F^?/CN^? substitution reactions were carried out in ionic liquids.     

Enantioselective Protonation of Cyclic Carbonyl Ylides by Chiral Lewis Acid Assisted Alcohols

Chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric alcohol addition reactions to cyclic carbonyl ylides generated from N-(α-diazocarbonyl)-2-oxazolidinones featuring a dual catalytic system are reported. Construction of a chiral quaternary heteroatom-substituted carbon center was accomplished in which the unique heterobicycles were obtained in good yields with high stereoselection. The alcohol adducts were successfully converted to optically active oxazolidine-2,4-diones by hydrolysis. Mechanistic studies by DFT calculations revealed that alcohols could be activated by Lewis acids, enabling enantioselective protonation of the carbonyl ylides.     

Mechanistic Studies on the Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalyzed Domino Inverse Electron-Demand Diels-Alder/Thiol Transfer Reaction

Recently, we presented a novel enantioselective multicomponent reaction of phthalazines, aldehydes and thiols accessing thioether-substituted 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes. Herein, a comprehensive investigation on the mechanism of this domino inverse electron-demand (IEDDA)/thiol transfer reaction is disclosed. In particular, the origin of the stereochemical outcome has been rationalized, as well as structural requirement of the thiol component for an efficient transfer step. Detailed NMR spectroscopy studies uncover a competing reaction pathway resulting in N,S-acetals. In addition, DFT computations illuminate the mechanism of the group transfer process and enable an explanation for the formation of the most dominant by-product. The insights allow a direct prediction of suitable substrates for the reaction and provide the basis for further developments of novel stereoselective domino reactions.     

Investigation of Lewis Acid versus Lewis Base Catalysis in Asymmetric Cyanohydrin Synthesis

The asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes can be catalysed by Lewis acids and/or Lewis bases, which activate the aldehyde and trimethylsilyl cyanide, respectively. It is not always apparent from the structure of the catalyst whether Lewis acid or Lewis base catalysis predominates. To investigate this in the context of using salen complexes of titanium, vanadium and aluminium as catalysts, a Hammett analysis of asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis was undertaken. When Lewis acid catalysis is dominant, a significantly positive reaction constant is observed, whereas reactions dominated by Lewis base catalysis give much smaller reaction constants. [{Ti(salen)O}₂] was found to show the highest degree of Lewis acid catalysis, whereas two [VO(salen)X] (X=EtOSO₃ or NCS) complexes both displayed lower degrees of Lewis acid catalysis. In the case of reactions catalysed by [{Al(salen)}₂O] and triphenylphosphine oxide, a non‐linear Hammett plot was observed, which is indicative of a change in mechanism with increasing Lewis base catalysis as the carbonyl compound becomes more electron‐deficient. These results suggested that the aluminium complex/triphenylphosphine oxide catalyst system should also catalyse the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to ketones and this was found to be the case.     

Lewis Base Catalyzed Stereo‐ and Regioselective Bromocyclization

Oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compounds are widely recognized as key components in many natural products and biologically relevant molecules, but often the problem comes down to methodologies in synthesizing them. Halocyclization of olefinic substrates is a promising strategy in the construction of O‐ and N‐heterocyclic compounds, which further signifies the development of their asymmetric variants. Over the past years, our group has been devoted to this particular area of asymmetric electrophilic halocyclization with chalcogen‐containing molecules as catalysts. In this account, the main focus is on the development of our novel chiral catalysts and applications derived from the reaction products.     

Lewis酸对氮杂环卡宾协同催化体系中反应途径的调控

该研究基于氮杂环卡宾（N-heterocyclic carbene,NHC）新颖的协同催化策略,通过Lewis酸共催化剂调控反应具体途径.从α,β-不饱和醛类化合物出发,立足于多反应位点的高烯醇中间体,与氯化镁协作实现高对映选择性的质子转移历程,构建β-手性酯类产物;在相似的反应体系中与氯化钌协作实现高效的空气氧化,构建α,β-不饱和酯类化合物.这两个迥异的反应途径对底物均有较好的官能团容忍性,以高转化率得到目标产物.     

路易斯酸碱催化的外消旋体(动态)动力学拆分反应

外消旋体的(动态)动力学拆分反应是制备手性化合物的重要方法之一.反应可以通过酶催化或非酶催化的手段来实现,也可以通过两种方法的有机结合来进行.在非酶催化反应中,路易斯酸碱催化是比较常用的方法,它们被广泛地用于多种外消旋体的(动态)动力学拆分反应中,目前在该领域取得了很大的进展.本文讨论了路易斯酸及路易斯碱催化体系在外消旋体(动态)动力学拆分反应中应用的最新进展.