一种计算多导体传输线电磁脉冲响应的时域方法

基于波形松弛技术, 提出一种计算外界电磁脉冲激励下理想大地上无损多导体传输线瞬态响应的时域迭代方法。首先利用波形松弛技术对复频域内多导体传输线的电报方程进行解耦, 其中相邻导线的耦合作用等效为线上的分布源, 从而使电报方程转换为一系列关于独立导线的解耦方程组; 然后将复频域内传输线的解耦方程转换到时域, 根据时域方程建立相应的等效电路; 最后利用电路仿真软件PSCAD计算电磁脉冲激励下多导体传输线的瞬态响应。本文时域方法的计算结果与时域有限差分(FDTD) 法计算的结果进行对比, 证实了该时域方法的有效性和准确性, 这为工程和科研人员快速评估、分析电磁脉冲激励下多导体传输线的瞬态响应问题提供了一种可靠方法。     

用MEI方法研究脉冲线源辐射问题

 脉冲线电流源的辐射问题是研究高功率微波辐射、传播和散射问题的基础。用时域有限差分方法结合时域MEI吸收边界条件来对该问题进行求解，通过与不同种类边界条件配合得出的数值解的比较可以证明，利用时域MEI方法的一阶吸收边界条件对线源辐射问题进行处理时，可以使截断边界离源更近，从而减少了计算量，并达到提高计算精度的目的。     

乳腺癌检测的三维微波热声成像技术

提出了三维微波热声成像技术检测早期乳腺肿瘤,成像同时具有高对比度和高分辨率的特点.该技术利用自适应的鲁棒Capon波束成形(RCB)算法进行信号处理和图像重建.基于电磁学和声学时域有限差分(FDTD)法,进行微波热声成像仿真,算例结果证实了该技术用于诊断早期乳腺肿瘤的可行性. 关键词： 乳腺癌检测 微波热声成像 鲁棒的Capon波束成形 时域有限差分     

Z变换在磁化等离子体电磁脉冲传播时域分析中的应用

 通过Z变换的方法,将与频率有关的磁化等离子体的介电常数由频域变换到Z域,推导了Z变换形式的时域有限差分法计算式,模拟了电磁脉冲在磁化等离子体中的传播。经过离散傅里叶变换,给出了电磁波通过磁化等离子体后的反射系数和透射系数与频率的关系。还给出了模拟结果和理论值的对比。结果表明,Z变换算法的模拟结果比卷积分更接近理论值。     

用FDTD计算各向异性磁化等离子体涂敷二维目标的RCS

采用z变换方法把时域有限差分方法(FDTD)推广应用于二维各向异性色散介质—磁化等离子 体中，该算法同时解决了电磁波在各向异性和频率色散介质中传播的计算问题，给出了各向 异性磁化等离子体中FDTD迭代公式.计算了各向异性磁化等离子体涂敷导体圆柱前后其雷达 散射截面(RCS)的变化情况，分析了等离子体碰撞频率和电子回旋频率对其RCS的影响. 关键词： 时域有限差分方法 各向异性磁化等离子体     

磁化铁氧体覆盖二维导体目标FDTD分析的移位算子方法

采用移位算子方法把时域有限差分法推广应用于二维磁各向异性色散介质—磁化铁氧体中.证明了电磁波横向入射二维轴向磁化铁氧体目标情形下,电磁波可按目标的轴向分解为横电波(TE波)和横磁波(TM波),且TE波的散射特性与铁氧体介质无关,而TM波的散射特性与介质电磁参量密切相关,同时对其物理原因进行了分析.通过采用移位算子方法处理磁化铁氧体频域本构关系,得到该情形下目标电磁散射的移位算子时域有限差的迭代计算公式,同时解决了电磁波在各向异性和频率色散介质中传播的问题.计算了轴向磁化铁氧体涂敷VonKarman型导体柱的TM波双站雷达散射截面,分析了铁氧体参量对目标双站雷达散射截面的影响.结果表明:恰当地选择铁氧体参量能有效地减少目标的雷达散射截面,本文时谐因子取exp〔jωt〕.     

Investigation of composite electromagnetic scattering from ship-like target on the randomly rough sea surface using FDTD method

Composite electromagnetic scattering from a two-dimensional (2D) ship-like target on a one-dimensional sea surface is investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. A uniaxial perfectly matched layer is adopted for truncation of FDTD lattices. The FDTD updated equations can be used for the total computation domain by choosing the uniaxial parameters properly. To validate the proposed numerical technique, a 2D infinitely long cylinder over the sea surface is taken into account first. The variation of angular distribution of the scattering changing with incident angle is calculated. The results show good agreement with the conventional moment method. Finally, the influence of the incident angle, the polarization, and the size of the ship-like target on the composite scattering coefficient is discussed in detail.     

一种适于1维磁等离子体电磁波传输特性的FDTD分析

 提出了一个新的分析各向异性磁等离子体中电磁波传输特性的时域有限差分（FDTD）方法。该方法是将电流密度矢量与电场强度矢量之间的本构方程基于拉普拉斯变换原理转到复频域,然后再逆变换到时域得到它们之间显式的方程,最后再结合指数差分,得到离散时域的显式的FDTD迭代方程,解决了本构方程中电流密度矢量的分量相互耦合而不易直接离散的困难。该方法在数学上具有简单明了和易于计算的特点,同时通过该方法计算各向异性等离子体板的电磁波反射和透射系数,与其解析解进行比较,结果表明了该方法的准确性和有效性。     

Time-Domain Numerical Solutions of Maxwell Interface Problems with Discontinuous Electromagnetic Waves

This paper is devoted to time domain numerical solutions of two-dimensional (2D) material interface problems governed by the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) Maxwell's equations with discontinuous electromagnetic solutions. Due to the discontinuity in wave solutions across the interface, the usual numerical methods will converge slowly or even fail to converge. This calls for the development of advanced interface treatments for popular Maxwell solvers. We will investigate such interface treatments by considering two typical Maxwell solvers – one based on collocation formulation and the other based on Galerkin formulation. To restore the accuracy reduction of the collocation finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm near an interface, the physical jump conditions relating discontinuous wave solutions on both sides of the interface must be rigorously enforced. For this purpose, a novel matched interface and boundary (MIB) scheme is proposed in this work, in which new jump conditions are derived so that the discontinuous and staggered features of electric and magnetic field components can be accommodated. The resulting MIB time-domain (MIBTD) scheme satisfies the jump conditions locally and suppresses the staircase approximation errors completely over the Yee lattices. In the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) algorithm – a popular Galerkin Maxwell solver, a proper numerical flux can be designed to accurately capture the jumps in the electromagnetic waves across the interface and automatically preserves the discontinuity in the explicit time integration. The DGTD solution to Maxwell interface problems is explored in this work, by considering a nodal based high order discontinuous Galerkin method. In benchmark TM and TE tests with analytical solutions, both MIBTD and DGTD schemes achieve the second order of accuracy in solving circular interfaces. In comparison, the numerical convergence of the MIBTD method is slightly more uniform, while the DGTD method is more flexible and robust.     

High-order FDTD methods for transverse electromagnetic systems in dispersive inhomogeneous media

This Letter introduces a novel finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) formulation for solving transverse electromagnetic systems in dispersive media. Based on the auxiliary differential equation approach, the Debye dispersion model is coupled with Maxwell's equations to derive a supplementary ordinary differential equation for describing the regularity changes in electromagnetic fields at the dispersive interface. The resulting time-dependent jump conditions are rigorously enforced in the FDTD discretization by means of the matched interface and boundary scheme. High-order convergences are numerically achieved for the first time in the literature in the FDTD simulations of dispersive inhomogeneous media.     

Recent advances on a DGTD method for time-domain electromagnetics

During the last ten years, the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain (DGTD) method has progressively emerged as a viable alternative to well established finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite-element time-domain (FETD) methods for the numerical simulation of electromagnetic wave propagation problems in the time-domain. In this paper, we review the historical development of the DGTD method and emphasize its recent adoption by the nanophotonic research community. In addition, we discuss about some of our recent efforts aiming at improving the accuracy, flexibility and efficiency of a non-dissipative order DGTD method, and also report on some preliminary works towards its extension to the numerical treatment of physical models and problems that are relevant to nanophotonics.     

旋转体时域有限差分法的另一推导方法和单向波方程吸收边界条件

提出了旋转体时域有限差分法的另一推导方法.基于这一方法,推导了旋转体电磁波的波动方程,进一步得出了旋转体时域有限差分法的单向波方程吸收边界条件.数值实验证实了该吸收边界条件的正确性.     

3维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE

 介绍了自主编制的3维全电磁粒子模拟大规模并行程序NEPTUNE的基本情况。该程序具备对多种典型高功率微波源器件的3维模拟能力,可以在数百乃至上千个CPU上稳定运行。该程序使用时域有限差分(FDTD)方法更新计算电磁场,采用Buneman-Boris算法更新粒子运动状态,运用质点网格法（PIC）处理粒子与电磁场的耦合关系,最后利用Boris方法求解泊松方程对电场散度进行修正,以确保计算精度。该程序初步具备复杂几何结构建模能力,可以对典型高功率微波器件中常见的一些复杂结构,如任意边界形状的轴对称几何体、正交投影面几何体,慢波结构、耦合孔洞、金属线和曲面薄膜等进行几何建模。该程序将理想导体边界、外加波边界、粒子发射与吸收边界及完全匹配层边界等物理边界应用于几何边界上,实现了数值计算的封闭求解。最后以算例的形式,介绍了使用NEPTUNE程序对磁绝缘线振荡器、相对论返波管、虚阴极振荡器及相对论速调管等典型高功率微波源器件进行的模拟计算情况,验证了模拟计算结果的可靠性,同时给出了并行效率的分布情况。     

基于Z变换的高阶完全匹配层实现

基于拉伸坐标完全匹配层(SC-PML)公式和Z变换方法,提出以非分裂场形式来实现具有多极点的高阶完全匹配层的高效算法,来截断时域有限差分(FDTD)网格.在吸收性能方面,高阶PML同时具有传统PML和复频率偏移完全匹配层(CFS-PML)二者的优点.提供的数值算例是二维TE极化电磁波与无限长且有限宽度的理想电导体(PEC)薄片的相互作用.仿真结果显示,高阶PML公式在衰减低频行波和隐失波及减少后期反射方面效果好,比传统SC-PML和复频率偏移的卷积完全匹配层(CPML)算法有更好的吸收性能.     

任意形状金属腔体内电磁脉冲的三维计算

提出了模拟任意形状腔体中的内电磁脉冲的三维直角坐标系时域有限差分(FDTD)算法。该算法采用FDTD共形网格技术模拟任意形状腔体的边界,可以解决腔体内非对称的边界问题。推导了射线斜入射的差分方程,进行了三维数值计算,并采用直角坐标系FDTD算法和柱坐标系FDTD算法计算了射线斜入射圆柱腔体产生的内电磁脉冲,二者吻合很好,验证了直角坐标系FDTD算法正确性。     

Perfect plane-wave source for a high-order symplectic finite-difference time-domain scheme

The method of splitting a plane-wave finite-difference time-domain (SP-FDTD) algorithm is presented for the initiation of plane-wave source in the total-field / scattered-field (TF/SF) formulation of high-order symplectic finite-difference time-domain (SFDTD) scheme for the first time. By splitting the fields on one-dimensional grid and using the nature of numerical plane-wave in finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), the identical dispersion relation can be obtained and proved between the one-dimensional and three-dimensional grids. An efficient plane-wave source is simulated on one-dimensional grid and a perfect match can be achieved for a plane-wave propagating at any angle forming an integer grid cell ratio. Numerical simulations show that the method is valid for SFDTD and the residual field in SF region is shrinked down to -300 dB.     

Numerical simulation of partially coherent broadband optical imaging using the finite-difference time-domain method

Rigorous numerical modeling of optical systems has attracted interest in diverse research areas ranging from biophotonics to photolithography. We report the full-vector electromagnetic numerical simulation of a broadband optical imaging system with partially coherent and unpolarized illumination. The scattering of light from the sample is calculated using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical method. Geometrical optics principles are applied to the scattered light to obtain the intensity distribution at the image plane. Multilayered object spaces are also supported by our algorithm. For the first time, numerical FDTD calculations are directly compared to and shown to agree well with broadband experimental microscopy results.     

A Study of Infrared Photonic Crystal Devices Using New ADI-FDTD Algorithm

To investigate the infrared photonic crystal devices numerically, the traditional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been modified by combining with a new alternating direction implicit (ADI) algorithm. An improvement of two-five in speed over previous FDTD methods can be obtained by calculating the envelope rather than the fast-varying field, and the numerical errors are minimized. Consider the isolated localized coupled-cavity modes, the phenomenon of eigenmode splitting has been observed when the coupled-cavity structures in two dimension triangular dielectric photonic crystals are simulated. The results are in good agreement with experiments.     

Three-dimensional electromagnetic PIC model of a compact ECR plasmasource

A three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) model is developed and used to model a compact ECR plasma source. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique is used to model the microwave fields which excite the plasma at 2.45 GHz. The PIC technique is used to model the dynamics of both the electrons and ions in the plasma. The grid structure used is constructed using the cylindrical coordinate system. Techniques which permit stable numerical solutions in the cylindrical coordinate system are developed and described. The electromagnetic fields and the plasma dynamics are solved in a self-consistent manner. A compact ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) plasma source used for the generation of ions for materials processing is simulated. This source has a plasma size of 3.6 cm in diameter and 3 cm in height. Simulation results of microwave power absorption, plasma potential, and microwave electric fields are presented. Distributed computing techniques are explored to handle the large computer memory requirements and the long computer simulation times associated with the three-dimensional particle-in-cell plasma model     

PML-FDTD法在分析负折射率材料中的应用

将时域有限差分(FDTD)法引入了对负折射率材料物理现象的仿真研究.给出了二维TM波在负折射率材料中的时域差分方程,并且在吸收边界处使用了理想匹配层(PML).为了避免在迭代过程中出现的不稳定现象,在差分方程的推导中引入了Drude模型, 并对Pendry提出的由负折射率材料构成的平板透镜具有的完美成像现象进行了数值仿真验证.由仿真结果发现,完美成像现象只在平板透镜的折射率n=－1时出现,当n≠－1时则会出现近轴聚焦效应.