Multiparty Quantum Secret Sharing of Quantum States with Quantum Registers

A quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed by making use of quantum registers. In the proposed scheme, secret message state is encoded into multipartite entangled states. Several identical multi-particle entanglement states are generated and each particle of the entanglement state is filled in different quantum registers which act as shares of the secret message. Two modes, i.e. the detecting mode and the message mode, are employed so that the eavesdropping can be detected easily and the secret message may be recovered. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme is secure against eavesdropping of eavesdropper and cheating of participants.     

可控量子秘密共享协议窃听检测虚警概率分析

对孙莹等提出的利用Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger态实现的可控量子秘密共享协议Alice-Bob信道和Alice-Charlie信道窃听检测的虚警概率进行分析,指出该协议窃听检测虚警概率不为0的原因在于窃听检测测量基选择的随机性.然后,提出一种改进的利用Greenberger-HorneZeilinger态实现的可控量子秘密共享协议,以确定性的方式选择窃听检测的测量基.理论分析表明,改进的利用Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger态实现的可控量子秘密共享协议不仅能够以原协议2倍的概率发现任何一个内部不可信方,从而具有更高的安全性,而且窃听检测虚警概率达到0.     

Quantum Secure Direct Communication with Four-Particle Genuine Entangled State and Dense Coding

A quantum secure direct communication scheme using dense coding is proposed. At first, the sender (Alice) prepares four-particle genuine entangled states and shares them with the receiver (Bob) by sending two particles in each entangled state to him. Secondly, Alice encodes secret information by performing the unitarytransformations on her particles and transmits them to Bob. Finally, Bob performs the joint measurements on his particles to decode the secret information. The two-step security test guarantees the security of communication.     

Quantum secure direct communication with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-type state （GHZ state） over noisy channels

We propose a quantum error-rejection scheme for direct communication with three-qubit quantum codes based on the direct communication of secret messages without any secret key shared in advance. Given the symmetric and independent errors of the transmitted qubits, our scheme can tolerate a bit of error rate up to 33.1%, thus the protocol is deterministically secure against any eavesdropping attack even in a noisy channel.     

Controller-Independent Bidirectional Direct Communication with Four-Qubit Cluster States

We propose a feasible scheme for implementing bidirectional quantum direct communication protocol using four-qubit cluster states. In this scheme, the quantum channel between the sender Alice and the receiver Bob consists of an ordered sequence of cluster states which are prepared by Alice. After ensuring the security of quantum channel, according to the secret messages, the sender will perform the unitary operation and the receiver can obtain different secret messages in a deterministic way.     

Two-Step Efficient Quantum Dialogue with Three-Particle Entangled W State

This paper we proposed an efficient quantum dialogue scheme by using three-particle entangled W state. In this scheme, the legitimate user Alice and Bob can exchange their secret messages with the help of unitary operations, and each W state can carry two bits of secret messages. Almost all the emitted particle can be used to carry the secret message besides the decoy photons, the intrinsic efficiency for qubits approaches the value 100 %. By joining the decoy particle checking technique and the step-transmitting idea to ensure the safety and reliability of communication.     

Quantum Secret Sharing of Secure Direct Communication Using One-Time Pad

Instead of sharing some sifted keys, quantum secret sharing of secure direct communication (QSS-SDC) allows a dealer Alice to share her secret message directly with a group of agents, who can then cooperate together to restore her message in a later time. However, we notice that, in order to recover the secret message, most existing QSS-SDC schemes require a quantum memory to store a resulting quantum state. As the technique of quantum memory is still not available today, we present a multiparty QSS-SDC protocol using quantum one time pad, which allows the agents to store their shares with classical binary strings. Moreover, the proposed scheme uses only single photons, which makes it easier to implement with current technology even when the number of the participants becomes large.     

Multiparty quantum secret sharing with Bell states and Bell measurements

We present a multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme and analyze its security. In this scheme, the sender Alice takes EPR pairs in Bell states as quantum resources. In order to obtain the shared key, all participants only need to perform Bell measurements, not to perform any local unitary operation. The total efficiency in this scheme approaches 100% as the classical information exchanged is not necessary except for the eavesdropping checks.     

Quantum Secure Direct Communication with W State

A new theoretical scheme for quantum secure direct communication is proposed, where four-qubit symmetric W state functions as quantum channel. It is shown that two legitimate users can directly transmit the secret messages by using Bell-basis measurements and classical communication. The scheme is completely secure if the quantum channel is perfect. Even if the quantum channel is unsecured, it is still possible for two users to perform their secure communication. One bit secret message can be transmitted by sending a bit classical information.     

Quantum dual signature scheme based on coherent states with entanglement swapping

A novel quantum dual signature scheme, which combines two signed messages expected to be sent to two diverse receivers Bob and Charlie, is designed by applying entanglement swapping with coherent states. The signatory Alice signs two different messages with unitary operations(corresponding to the secret keys) and applies entanglement swapping to generate a quantum dual signature. The dual signature is firstly sent to the verifier Bob who extracts and verifies the signature of one message and transmits the rest of the dual signature to the verifier Charlie who verifies the signature of the other message. The transmission of the dual signature is realized with quantum teleportation of coherent states. The analysis shows that the security of secret keys and the security criteria of the signature protocol can be greatly guaranteed.An extensional multi-party quantum dual signature scheme which considers the case with more than three participants is also proposed in this paper and this scheme can remain secure. The proposed schemes are completely suited for the quantum communication network including multiple participants and can be applied to the e-commerce system which requires a secure payment among the customer, business and bank.     

Multi-party d-Level Quantum Secret Sharing Scheme

We develop a multiparty quantum secret sharing (QSS) scheme of classical messages based on arbitrary dimensional multi-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. This scheme can be implemented using only local operations, e.g. generalized Z gate and Hadamard gate, and classical communication (LOCC) between participants. The security of the present scheme against exterior eavesdropping and interior dishonest party has been analyzed and confirmed. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of successful sharing of classical messages in the realistic situation where our QSS scheme is carried out in generalized Pauli channels.     

Two Ways of Robust Quantum Dialogue by Using Four-Qubit Cluster State

In this paper, we present a scheme for quantum dialogue by using a four-qubit cluster state as quantum channel.The scheme has two cases: Case 1, Sender Alice and receiver Bob share information using an orderly sequence of entangled state as quantum channel which was prepared by Alice. This case is achieved as follows: The two sides agreed to encode quantum state information, then Alice perform a bell state measurement for quantum information which has been encoded. This will convey the information to Bob, then Bob measuring his own qubits, through the analysis of the measurement results of Alice and Bob, Bob can obtain quantum information. For case 2, four-qubit cluster state and quantum state information is transmitted to form a total quantum system. In the Case 2 scenario, Alice and Bob perform bell state measurements for part of the qubits, and tell the measurement result to each other through the classical channel. Finally, according to the measurement result, Alice and Bob operate an appropriate unitary transformation, as a result, Alice’s qubit will be renewed upon Bob’s measurements, and also, Bob’s qubit will be renewed upon Alice’s measurements. Thus, a bidirectional quantum dialogue is achieved. After analysis, this scheme has high security by taking certain eavesdropping attacks into account. There is therefore a certain reference value to the realization of quantum dialogue.     

An efficient and secure multiparty quantum secret sharing scheme based on single photons

A scheme of multiparty quantum secret sharing of classical messages (QSSCM) is proposed based on single photons and local unitary operations. In this scheme, eavesdropping checks are performed only twice, and one photon can generate one bit of classical secret message except those chosen for eavesdropping check; in addition, only the sender and one of the agents are required to store photons. Thus, this scheme is more practical and efficient.     

A Quantum Secret Sharing Scheme Using Orbital Angular Momentum onto Multiple Spin States Based on Fibonacci Compression Encoding

Since the use of a quantum channel is very expensive for transmitting large messages, it is vital to develop an effective quantum compression encoding scheme that is easy to implement. Given that, with the single-photon spin-orbit entanglement, we propose a quantum secret sharing scheme using orbital angular momentum onto multiple spin states based on Fibonacci compression encoding. In our proposed scheme, we can represent the frequency of any secret message which is typically collection of bits encodings of text or integers as a bitstring using the base Fibonacci sequence, which is encoded multiple spin states for secret shares transmitted to participants. We demonstrate that Fibonacci compression encoding carries excellent properties that enable us to achieve more robust quantum secret sharing schemes with fewer number of photons.     

Continuous Variable Quantum Secret Sharing with Chinese Remainder Theorem

Motivated by the structure characteristics of Chinese Remainder Theorem(CRT), a continuous variable quantum secret sharing scheme is proposed to ensure the security of the network-based communication system. The initial secret is decomposed and recovered by solving the equations of CRT which provides various threshold structures to enhance the universality, flexibility and practicability of the scheme. The shares are encoded to two-mode squeezed vacuum state by displacement operation for secret distributing. Compared with the discrete variable quantum secret sharing, this scheme can increase the transmission capacity due to the improved data-processing for quantum state generation, manipulation, and detection. The security analysis is elucidated by calculating the bit error rates(BERs) under different conditions and it demonstrates that the scheme has the capability to protect secrets from eavesdropping of dishonest players no matter with the channel transmission efficiency.

     

A Quantum Secret Sharing Scheme Using Orbital Angular Momentum onto Multiple Spin States Based on Fibonacci Compression Encoding

Since the use of a quantum channel is very expensive for transmitting large messages, it is vital to develop an effective quantum compression encoding scheme that is easy to implement. Given that, with the single-photon spin-orbit entanglement, we propose a quantum secret sharing scheme using orbital angular momentum onto multiple spin states based on Fibonacci compression encoding. In our proposed scheme, we can represent the frequency of any secret message which is typically collection of bits encodings of text or integers as a bitstring using the base Fibonacci sequence, which is encoded multiple spin states for secret shares transmitted to participants. We demonstrate that Fibonacci compression encoding carries excellent properties that enable us to achieve more robust quantum secret sharing schemes with fewer number of photons.     

Secure Direct Communication with Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger State in Driven Cavity QED

We present a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) scheme via Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state in driven cavity QED. The user can receive different secret messages, and the communication attendant Alice encodes the secret message directly onto a particle which then can be faithfully teleported to Bob using the shared Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states. Our scheme is insensitive to the cavity decay. The necessary time for the scheme is much shorter than the Rydberg-atom, therefore atom decays do not need to be considered. The protocol is simple and realizable with present technology. The security of the present scheme is also discussed,and the scheme is secure.     

Authenticable Quantum Scheme for Secret Sharing Based on Local Distinguishability

The main defects of the existing quantum secret sharing schemes are as follows: (1) The identity of the secret sender cannot be confirmed. Receivers of shared secret information may be vulnerable to Trojan attacks; (2) If a malicious attacker Eve impersonates the identity of the receiver, she can finally obtain all the information of the secret that Alice shared; (3) In the process of secret recovery, it is necessary to transmit qubits among all participants involved in secret recovery. Sometimes, the same particle needs to be operated on by all participants to achieve secret sharing, which increases the possibility of eavesdropping and also increases the probability of errors. In this work, we proposed a quantum secret sharing scheme with authentication, the receiver performs corresponding operations on qubits of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger(GHZ) state based on the key string calculated by the shared identity number and random Error Correction Code(ECC), the secret sender can calculate the corresponding measurement basis(MB) through the information she has, and then inform the measurement party. This process realizes the mutual authentication between the sender and the receiver. It can protect against identity impersonation attacks, through the ECC verification, it also can resist intercept-resend attacks.

     

Multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state

Based on the idea of dense coding of three-photon entangled state and qubit transmission in blocks, we present a multiparty controlled quantum secret direct communication scheme by using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state. In the present scheme, the sender transmits three bits of secret message to the receiver directly and the secret message can only be recovered by the receiver under the permission of all the controllers. All three-photon entangled states are used to transmit the secret message except those chosen for eavesdropping check and the present scheme has a high source capacity because Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state forms a large Hilbert space.     

Deterministic Secure Quantum Communication and Authentication Protocol based on Extended GHZ-W State and Quantum One-time Pad

A deterministic secure quantum communication and authentication protocol based on extended GHZ-W state and quantum one-time pad is proposed. In the protocol, state |φ^?〉 is used as the carrier. One photon of |φ^?〉 state is sent to Alice, and Alice obtains a random key by measuring photons with bases determined by ID. The information of bases is secret to others except Alice and Bob. Extended GHZ-W states are used as decoy photons, the positions of which in information sequence are encoded with identity string ID of the legal user, and the eavesdropping detection rate reaches 81%. The eavesdropping detection based on extended GHZ-W state combines with authentication and the secret ID ensures the security of the protocol.