活性负离子聚合法制备POSS基七臂星形聚合物及其表征

首先利用高真空活性负离子聚合方法制备聚异戊二烯锂(PI-Li)和(聚苯乙烯-b-聚异戊二烯)锂(PS-PI-Li)活性链,再与单羟基七乙烯基多面体齐聚倍半硅氧烷(VPOSS-OH)发生加成反应,一步法制备2种含羟基的七臂星形聚合物.用分级沉淀法去除低加成产物,即可得到纯的七臂星形聚合物7PI-POSS-OH和7(PS-PI)-POSS-OH,利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、核磁共振波谱(1H-,13C-NMR)、红外光谱(FTIR)和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)表征了聚合物的化学结构、分子量及分子量分布,并通过热失重分析(TGA)测试了聚合物的热分解温度.     

Behavior of a Thermosensitive Star-Shaped Polymer with Polyethyloxazoline-<Emphasis Type="Italic">block</Emphasis>-Polyisopropyloxazoline Copolymer Arms

The aqueous solutions of the star-shaped eight-arm polymer in which arms consist of the block copolymer of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) and a more hydrophilic poly(2- ethyl-2-oxazoline) is attached to the calix[8]arene core are studied by light scattering and turbidimetry. For the sake of comparison, the linear block copolymer modeling arms of the star-shaped polymer is examined. The temperature and concentration dependences of light scattering intensity and optical transmission, the hydrodynamic radii of particles occurring in solutions, and their fraction in solution are determined. At room temperature, solutions of the linear copolymer are molecularly dispersed because of a high hydrophilicity of blocks and aggregates are formed in solutions of the star-shaped polymer as a result of interaction between hydrophobic calix[8]arene cores. As the temperature grows, the dehydration of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) units initially occurs and entails both the compaction and aggregation of star-shaped molecules. At higher temperatures, the dehydration of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) leading to phase separation begins. The temperature of phase separation grows upon dilution. A high intramolecular density of the star-shaped polymer is responsible for a marked deceleration of self-organization processes. This effect is especially pronounced in the vicinity of the phase-separation temperature.     

Fractionation of partly hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate

Vinyl acetate–vinyl alcohol copolymers were fractionated in order to obtain their degree of hydrolysis distributions. In the method employed for fractionation, the differences in molecular weight of copolymer did not affect the fractional separation. Degree of hydrolysis distributions was found to be broad, with a pronounced maximum at a low degree of hydrolysis. Viscosity measurements were performed both for the precipitated fractions and unfractionated polymer. The Huggins constant was found to increase with a decrease in the degree of hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. These results were interpreted in terms of a polymer molecular association. From values of Huggins constants, comparative information about copolymer “blockiness” is also established.     

Synthesis of Star-Shaped Polymers via Coordination of Bipyridyl-Terminated Polyoxyethylene with Metal Ions

Abstract

This paper describes the synthesis of various star-shaped polymers by means of complexation of bipyridyl-terminated polyoxyethylene with Ru(II) ion. Three kinds of bipyridyl-terminated polyoxyethylenes of different molecular weights were prepared from the corresponding polyoxyethylene monomethyl ethers with narrow molecular weight distributions. Bipyridyl was found to be introduced quantitatively at the end of the polymers based on the results of UV spectra. The formation of a star-shaped polymer was carried out by the reaction of RuCl₃ with three equivalents of bipyridyl-terminated polyoxyethylene. The UV spectrum of the star-shaped polymer obtained supported the formation of a typical Ru(II) tris(bipyridyl) complex. From the results of GPC, the star-shaped polymer obtained had a higher molecular weight than the pre-polymer and showed a narrow molecular weight distribution. In the case of a Ni(II) or a Co(II) complex, however, the star-shaped polymer was found to be dissociated into three linear prepolymers under the conditions of GPC measurement.     

Unexpected consequences of block polydispersity on the self-assembly of ABA triblock copolymers

Controlled/"living" polymerizations and tandem polymerization methodologies offer enticing opportunities to enchain a wide variety of monomers into new, functional block copolymer materials with unusual physical properties. However, the use of these synthetic methods often introduces nontrivial molecular weight polydispersities, a type of chain length heterogeneity, into one or more of the copolymer blocks. While the self-assembly behavior of monodisperse AB diblock and ABA triblock copolymers is both experimentally and theoretically well understood, the effects of broadening the copolymer molecular weight distribution on block copolymer phase behavior are less well-explored. We report the melt-phase self-assembly behavior of SBS triblock copolymers (S = poly(styrene) and B = poly(1,4-butadiene)) comprised of a broad polydispersity B block (M(w)/M(n) = 1.73-2.00) flanked by relatively narrow dispersity S blocks (M(w)/M(n) = 1.09-1.36), in order to identify the effects of chain length heterogeneity on block copolymer self-assembly. Based on synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses of seventeen SBS triblock copolymers with poly(1,4-butadiene) volume fractions 0.27 ≤ f(B) ≤ 0.82, we demonstrate that polydisperse SBS triblock copolymers self-assemble into periodic structures with unexpectedly enhanced stabilities that greatly exceed those of equivalent monodisperse copolymers. The unprecedented stabilities of these polydisperse microphase separated melts are discussed in the context of a complete morphology diagram for this system, which demonstrates that narrow dispersity copolymers are not required for periodic nanoscale assembly.     

Quantitative synthesis of star-shaped poly(vinyl ether)s with a narrow molecular weight distribution by living cationic polymerization

Star-shaped poly(vinyl ether)s with narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained from polymer-linking reactions of living polymers with a divinyl compound based on living cationic polymerization. For example, living polymers (DP(n) = 50-300) of isobutyl vinyl ether (IBVE), prepared with a cationogen/EtAlCl(2) at 0 degrees C in hexane in the presence of ethyl acetate, were allowed to react with a small amount of 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether (DVE-1) to give a star-shaped poly(IBVE) in quantitative yield (100%). In addition, a notable feature of this star-shaped polymer was extremely narrow molecular weight distribution (M(w)/M(n) = 1.1-1.2). The structure of divinyl compounds and reaction conditions for the linking reaction are key factors for achieving quantitative yield of star-shaped polymers. To our best knowledge, this is the first example of selective preparation of star-shaped polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution via one-pot polymer-linking reactions, which has never been achieved in any other mechanisms. The M(w) and the number of arms per molecule ranged from 6 x 10(4) to 30 x 10(4) and 9 to 44, respectively. Thermosensitive star polymers were also synthesized in quantitative yield, and the products were found to undergo sensitive phase separation and physical gelation.     

Cross Fractionation of Styrene-Butadiene Copolymer

A sample of styrene-butadiene copolymer was fractionated by successive precipitation (one-direction fractionation) in cyclohexane/isooctane and benzene/methyl ethyl ketone systems. The chemical composition and molecular weight distributions of the sample were constructed from the fractionation data. The results obtained in both systems were nearly identical for the chemical composition distribution, but were different for the molecular weight distribution. The same sample was fractionated by cross fractionation using both solvent/nonsolvent systems. Comparing the results of cross fractionation with the results of one-direction fractionation, the first gave broader molecular weight and chemical composition distribution curves than the second. However, only cross fractionation showed that the chemical composition distribution curve has a long tail not only at the right side but also at the left side of the distribution maximum.

The superiority of cross fractionation over one-direction fractionation seems clear from the present work. It is also clear that even if the chemical composition distribution curves obtained by one-direction fractionation in different systems are identical with one another, the curves do not always show the true distribution.     

The Fractionation of Copolymers by Chemical Composition

Abstract

Phase diagrams for the system of methyl ethyl ketone, cyclo-hexane, and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer were determined. The phase diagrams indicate that the copolymer may be fractionated by chemical composition in this system. Discussions of the thermodynamics are also presented, to show that copolymers can effectively be fractionated into fractions of different compositions if a system can be found in which the difference between the Flory interaction parameters (x parameters) of two constituents of the copolymer with solvent is sufficiently large. Theoretically, the fractionation of copolymer must always occur to a certain extent, depending both on chemical composition and molecular weight. The composition fractionation results of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers are given to confirm the discussions.     

Synthesis of block copolymer segments containing different ratios of ethylene and 5-norbornen-2-yl acetate

Block copolymerization of ethylene with 5-norbornen-2-yl acetate (1) by the nickel catalyst system [N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)propanamide]Ni(eta1-CH2Ph)(PMe3) (2) and Ni(COD)2 (bis(1,4-cyclooctadiene)nickel) (3) produces a variety of block copolymer structures that demonstrate microphase separation. Typical block copolymerizations were carried out in an autoclave charged with a solution of the catalyst mixture and 1 (0.15 M) in toluene. The autoclave was sealed and exposed to PC2H4 = 50 psi for a period of time (T1). A pressure jump to PC2H4 = 1100 psi was then applied and the reaction allowed to proceed for another predetermined interval (T2). Independent experiments were performed to isolate and examine the molecular weight and comonomer composition of the first block. Narrow molecular weight distributions and the increase of polymer molecular weight with increases in T1 or T2 are consistent with a product in which an initial block is formed at low ethylene pressures and quantitatively converted to a block copolymer by the jump to high pressure. Transmission electron microscopy confirms that the materials are microphase separated.     

Novel Dual-Grafted Copolymer Bearing Glassy Polystyrene and Crystalline Poly(Ethylene Oxide) as Side Chains

A novel grafted copolymer with two different types of side chains was synthesized via a combination of grafting-onto and grafting-from strategy. Graft copolymer with one side chains polybutadiene-graft-polystyrene (PB-g-PS) was first synthesized though the grafting-onto method. Following the subsequent grafting-from method, the second kind of side chain was introduced to the copolymer with anionic ring open polymerization of ethylene oxide, obtaining dual-grafted copolymer polybutadiene-graft-(polystyrene; poly(ethylene oxide)) (PB-g-(PS;PEO)). By this combined strategy, linear and star-shaped dual-grafted copolymer were synthesized. The resulting dual-grafted copolymers had controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.20). The thermal behavior of this dual-grafted copolymer bearing glassy and crystalline side chains was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), revealing that poly(ethylene oxide) grafts underwent confined crystallization, and the star-shaped copolymer had more confinement effects than did the linear ones.     

Dendrimers,nanodevices to create unique phenomena

Dendrimers are compact nanostructures created by manipulation of the molecular architecture. Their density or free volume distribution resembles that of a particle, albeit a low-density particle, that can create unique phenomena. We have found that dendrimer free volume can be manipulated by solvent change that will influence their utility in some applications. For example, it is hypothesized that their low density allows penetration by a covalently attached linear polymer. Manipulation of the dendrimer free volume or linear polymer mass can then be used to create a molecular machine. Also, their unique architecture was found to influence bulk phase separation of a dendritic – linear hybrid block copolymer. Cylinders or lamellae can be formed at exceptional compositions to allow tuning of the morphology beyond that found with linear–linear block copolymer systems. To cite this article: M.E. Mackay, C. R. Chimie 6 (2003).     

Composition analysis of an ethylene–propylene block copolymer by fractionation and turbidity measurements at the lower critical solubility gap

The composition of an ethylene-propylene block copolymer with a nominal 15% content of ethylene by weight (EP?B15%) has been investigated through fractionation near the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Observation of the solution heated above the boiling point of the solvent indicated that some polymer was phase separating, apparently continuously, between the LCSTs of polyethylene (PE) an polypropylene (PP) of similar molecular weight. IR and DSC analysis of three fractions obtained by twice separating the concentrated phase from the dilute phase gave the following result: EP?B15% consists of an ethylene-rich block copolymer (93% E), an EP copolymer of intermediate composition, and a propylene-rich copolymer (94% P). The three fractions constitute respectively 12%, 12%, and 76% of the total weights. In order to choose a suitable temperature for fractionation, a turbidity analysis of the solution of the initial polymer is made continuously during phase separation. The trace of turbidity against temperature shows three peaks of turbidity at temperatures T₀, T₁ and T₂, which can be associated with the above fractions. A mixture of PE, PP, and a 33% E random copolymer gives a turbidity trace with characteristic temperatures very similar to that of EP-B15% in the same solvent. Fractionation from several solvents or mixtures of solvents indicated that the composition of the fractions did not depend significantly on the nature of the solvent. Conditions for obtaining a quantitative analysis of a mixture from a thermogram are discussed. Turbidity analysis during phase separation and fractionation at the LCST can be a useful tool in analyzing and separating complex mixtures before use of powerful analytical techniques such as NMR or IR spectroscopy.     

原子转移自由基聚合合成甲基丙烯酸丁酯与丙烯酸全氟烷基乙酯两嵌段共聚物及其性能的研究

通过原子转移聚合合成了大分子引发剂PBMA Br及系列含氟两嵌段共聚物P(BMA b FAEM) ,并利用1 H NMR、F EA、GPC、FTIR对其结构进行了表征 .所合成的含氟嵌段共聚物膜具有低临界表面张力 .本文通过接触角的测定研究了含氟两嵌段共聚物的憎水、憎油性能与共聚物的含氟量 ,热处理温度 ,热处理时间的关系 ,结果表明含氟嵌段PFAEM具有向空气 聚合物界面富集的倾向 ,在共聚物中引入含氟嵌段可以明显提高共聚物的憎水、憎油性 .当含氟嵌段达 7 6wt%时 ,临界表面张力 (γc =18 7mN m)已与聚四氟乙烯相当 (γc=18 5mN m) ,显示出明显的低表面能特征     

Improved hydrolytic stability of poly(dl-lactide) with epoxidized soybean oil

The multi-arm star polymer (ESOPLA) was obtained by ring-opening polymerization of dl-lactide using multifunctional epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) as an initiator in the presence of a stannous actuate (SnOct₂) catalyst. Gel permeation chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering (GPC-MALLS), FTIR, ¹H NMR, thermal analysis and in vitro degradation were used to qualitatively characterize the synthesized polymers. The results revealed that ESO plays an important role in increasing the molecular weight, polymerization rate and monomer conversion rate. Degradation analysis demonstrated that the decrease in molecular weight and the weight loss ratio of the star-shaped ESOPLA were lower than that of linear poly(dl-lactide) (PDLLA). The surface topography of pre- and post-degradation materials was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These SEM images showed that the linear PDLLA films underwent water erosion more readily than the star-shaped polymer films.     

Separation of poly-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate through gradient polymer elution chromatography

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biodegradable polyesters produced by bacteria that can have a wide distribution in molecular weight, composition of monomers, and functionalities. This large distribution often leads to unpredictable physical properties making commercial applications challenging. To improve polymer homogeneity and obtain samples with a clear set of physical characteristics, poly-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate copolymers were fractionated using gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC) as opposed to extensively used bulk fractionation. Separation was achieved using a reversed-phase column with chloroform and ethanol as the solvent and non-solvent, respectively. A separation was also conducted on a normal-phase column to compare elution patterns between columns of varied polarity. The fractions were analyzed using Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and NMR to determine the percentage of 3-hydroxyvalerate in the copolymer as well as its molecular weight. It was found that as the percentage of "good" solvent was increased in the mobile phase, the polymers eluted with decreasing percentage of 3-hydroxyvalerate and increasing molecular weight which indicates the importance of precipitation/redissolution in the separation. The elution pattern of the polymer remained unchanged when using both a normal- and reversed-phase column which also illustrates the dominance of precipitation/redissolution in GPEC of polyhydroxyalkanoates. As such, GPEC is shown to be an excellent choice to provide polyhydroxyalkanoate samples with a narrower distribution in composition than the original bulk copolymer sample.     

Layered Dendritic Block Copolymers

A star-shaped molecule and a layered structure are displayed by the title compound, where the layers consist of high molecular weight polymers. A core molecule that is functionalized by six hydroxyl groups acts as the initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone, leading to a six-arm star polymer. The second layer of the dendritic block copolymer with 12, 24, or 48 hydroxyl groups (depending on the dendron generation in use) is obtained by the linkage of chain ends with functionalized dendrons. These macromoleculse act as “macroinitiators” for the construction of a further layer of poly(ε-caprolatone), the third generation of dendritic block copolymers.     

Synthesis of isocyanate-based brush block copolymers and their rapid self-assembly to infrared-reflecting photonic crystals

The synthesis of rigid-rod, helical isocyanate-based macromonomers was achieved through the polymerization of hexyl isocyanate and 4-phenylbutyl isocyanate, initiated by an exo-norbornene functionalized half-titanocene complex. Sequential ruthenium-mediated ring-opening metathesis polymerization of these macromonomers readily afforded well-defined brush block copolymers, with precisely tunable molecular weights ranging from high (1512 kDa) to ultrahigh (7119 kDa), while maintaining narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI = 1.08-1.39). The self-assembly of these brush block copolymers to solid thin-films and their photonic properties were investigated. Due to the rigid architecture of these novel polymeric materials, they rapidly self-assemble through simple controlled evaporation to photonic crystal materials that reflect light from the ultra-violet, through the visible, to the near-infrared. The wavelength of reflectance is linearly related to the brush block copolymer molecular weight, allowing for predictable tuning of the band gap through synthetic control of the polymer molecular weight. A combination of scanning electron microscopy and optical modeling was employed to explain the origin of reflectivity.     

用单-检测器的尺寸排除色谱同时测量嵌段共聚物的组成和分子量

本文建议了一种使用具有单一检测器的常规尺寸排除色谱仪同时测量嵌段共聚物纽成和分子量的方法。方法要求测定原试样的特性粘数和尺寸排除色谱图,而检测器只对嵌段共聚物两个组份之中的一个有响应。首先用均聚物标样定出尺寸排除色谱柱的响应常数和分子量分离校准曲线。原试样的实验谱图用解叠方法得到共聚物和均聚物的两个组成峰。借助响应常数和普适校准原则计算得到共聚物的组成和分子量。本法应用于苯乙烯-硅氧烷嵌段共聚物的分析得到满意结果。     

Temperature- and pH-responsive star amphiphilic block copolymer prepared by a combining strategy of ring-opening polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization

The star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA) was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Star-shaped polycaprolactones (HPs-Star-PCL) were synthesized by the bulk polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) with a hyperbranched polyester initiator and tin 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst. The number-average molecular weight of these polymers linearly increased with the increase of the molar ratio of CL to hyperbranched initiator. HPs-Star-PCL was converted into a HPs-star-PCL-RAFT by an esterification of HPs-Star-PCL and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate. Star amphiphilic block copolymer HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA was obtained via RAFT polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The molecular weight distribution of HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA was narrow. Furthermore, the micellar properties of HPs-Star-PCL-b-PDMAEMA in water were studied at various temperatures and pH values by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results indicated that the star copolymers had the pH- and temperature-responsive properties. The release behaviors of model drug aspirin from the star polymer indicated that the rate of drug release could be effectively controlled by pH value and temperature.     

用单-检测器的尺寸排除色谱同时测量嵌段共聚物的组成和分子量

 本文建议了一种使用具有单一检测器的常规尺寸排除色谱仪同时测量嵌段共聚物纽成和分子量的方法。方法要求测定原试样的特性粘数和尺寸排除色谱图,而检测器只对嵌段共聚物两个组份之中的一个有响应。首先用均聚物标样定出尺寸排除色谱柱的响应常数和分子量分离校准曲线。原试样的实验谱图用解叠方法得到共聚物和均聚物的两个组成峰。借助响应常数和普适校准原则计算得到共聚物的组成和分子量。本法应用于苯乙烯-硅氧烷嵌段共聚物的分析得到满意结果。