几种微生物的红外光谱研究

传统的微生物分类及鉴别方法是应用显微镜法、生化法、生理学法及其相结合的方法 .这些方法虽然有效 ,但操作复杂 ,费时费力 ,有时结果的准确度也不十分理想 ,更重要的是这种方法难以实现自动化及计算机化 .傅里叶变换红外光谱 ( FTIR)分辨率高 ,不仅能提供分子基团特征的振动吸收谱带 ,而且能敏锐地探测分子基团及其周围环境的变化 .因此 ,通过测定完整细胞的 FTIR谱可获得细胞的组成及其生物大分子结构的信息 ,用于鉴别细胞种类和细胞的状态 [1～ 4 ] .本文在获得了分辨率高、重现性好的微生物红外谱图的基础上 ,确定了微生物红外谱图…     

提升高中生化学信息素养的途径

化学信息素养是指学生要有强烈的信息获取意识和丰富的信息提炼、迁移能力以及较强的信息加工能力等,作为科学素养的重要组成部分,对学生的全面成长有着重要的作用。本文探讨了提升高中生化学信息素养的途径及做法。     

From Phenotypic Hit to Chemical Probe: Chemical Biology Approaches to Elucidate Small Molecule Action in Complex Biological Systems

Biologically active small molecules have a central role in drug development, and as chemical probes and tool compounds to perturb and elucidate biological processes. Small molecules can be rationally designed for a given target, or a library of molecules can be screened against a target or phenotype of interest. Especially in the case of phenotypic screening approaches, a major challenge is to translate the compound-induced phenotype into a well-defined cellular target and mode of action of the hit compound. There is no “one size fits all” approach, and recent years have seen an increase in available target deconvolution strategies, rooted in organic chemistry, proteomics, and genetics. This review provides an overview of advances in target identification and mechanism of action studies, describes the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches, and illustrates the need for chemical biologists to integrate and expand the existing tools to increase the probability of evolving screen hits to robust chemical probes.     

Relation of Microbes to Blood-Group Active Substances

Substances with blood-group ABH(0) specificity are not confined to human red blood cells. Rather, such substances are ubiquitous antigenic surface structures which Nature has preserved throughout the phylogenetic development from microbes to man. — It could be shown experimentally that so-called “pre-existing natural” antibodies can result from inapparent immunization by these widely distributed antigens. — The blood-group specific structures of bacteria are chemically closely related to the determinant structures of the human blood-group ABH(0) glycoproteins. The situation is more complicated for the blood-group active substances from higher plants; these give extraordinary immunochemical reactions and two of their blood-group specific monosaccharides precipitate antibodies. — Recently the nature of the M and N blood-group antigens of erythrocyte surfaces has been elucidated. They are the main antigens of the second of at least 14 human blood-group systems. These substances, which are glycoproteins, are also excellent myxovirus receptors and inhibitors. The NN antigen is the first reported physically homogeneous, chemically defined and highly blood-group active cell surface structure of human origin. As surface structures, blood-group active substances appear to be frequently endowed with receptor properties in addition to those for blood-group antibodies.     

Chemical and Synthetic Biology Approaches for Cancer Vaccine Development

Cancer vaccines have been considered promising therapeutic strategies and are often constructed from whole cells, attenuated pathogens, carbohydrates, peptides, nucleic acids, etc. However, the use of whole organisms or pathogens can elicit unwanted immune responses arising from unforeseen reactions to the vaccine components. On the other hand, synthetic vaccines, which contain antigens that are conjugated, often with carrier proteins, can overcome these issues. Therefore, in this review we have highlighted the synthetic approaches and discussed several bioconjugation strategies for developing antigen-based cancer vaccines. In addition, the major synthetic biology approaches that were used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and their progress in clinical research are summarized here. Furthermore, to boost the immune responses of any vaccines, the addition of suitable adjuvants and a proper delivery system are essential. Hence, this review also mentions the synthesis of adjuvants and utilization of biomaterial scaffolds, which may facilitate the design of future cancer vaccines.     

化学键合模型概念的发展——从原子和分子轨道到化学轨道

对化学而言,对于连接分子中的原子的力的理论表达,历来一直是一个中心问题.要讨论此问,题,就要预先在概念上对原子与分子有一个清楚的区分,而且要对原子的电子结构有一个适当的表达式.从历史上讲,对物质构成的研究,始于古希腊的德谟克利修斯,经过炼金术时代之后,由拉瓦锡、道尔顿、阿弗加德罗和门捷列夫的缓慢发展,成为了十八至十九世纪的化学.在上世纪初,出现了玻尔的原子理论和量子力学,它不仅标志着现代物理学的开始,而且也标志着量子化学的开始.原子轨道和分子轨道是海特勒-伦敦(HL)和原子轨道-分子轨道线性组合(LCAO-MO)方法中的基本概念,它导致了现代价键理论和哈特里-福克(HF)方法及其扩展方法的出现.电子计算机的发展带来了"计算化学",今天的计算机程序使得真正的结合能预测,甚至在没有使用经验参数的情况下,就成为现实.不过,用非半经验方法来对有合理尺寸和目前化学感兴趣的分子进行精确预测,常常需要惊人的计算量.把HF方法与HL算法合并的、现在称之为哈特里-福克-海特勒-伦敦(HF-HL)的方法,大大减少了在原子轨道或分子轨道从头计算模型中所需要的表达式的长度,这一简化使得对所形成的波函数容易得到解释.双原子分子HX和X2(X为H、He、Li、Be、B、C、N、O、F和Ne)的基态和少数激发态的计算是HF-HL方法的例子.进而,本文表明,HF-HL方法可以从带有一个新型轨道-化学轨道构建的简单波函数来导出,最后,对用化学轨道的初步计算进行了介绍.     

Introduction to Chemical Oscillations Using a Modified Lotka Model

In teaching chemical kinetics most textbooks use the Lotka-Volterra Model to introduce the concept of chemical oscillations. Unfortunately, the Lotka-Volterra Model yields neutrally stable limit cycles for any initial conditions, which is a nonphysical property not observed in chemical kinetics. A more physical, two-variable model with simple linear stability analysis is, therefore, desirable. Here, we consider a Modified Lotka-Volterra Model that shows multiple physical steady states and both damped and stable oscillations. We can also study a stable node bifurcation to a saddle point and a stable node bifurcation to a stable limit cycle. This dynamically richer model can be analyzed through a simple linear stability analysis and numerical integration of the system of ordinary differential equations. Both methods, in particular the analytical analysis, are accessible to undergraduate students.     

Covalent Organic Frameworks: Chemical Approaches to Designer Structures and Built‐In Functions

A new approach has been developed to design organic polymers using topology diagrams. This strategy enables covalent integration of organic units into ordered topologies and creates a new polymer form, that is, covalent organic frameworks. This is a breakthrough in chemistry because it sets a molecular platform for synthesizing polymers with predesignable primary and high‐order structures, which has been a central aim for over a century but unattainable with traditional design principles. This new field has its own features that are distinct from conventional polymers. This Review summarizes the fundamentals as well as major progress by focusing on the chemistry used to design structures, including the principles, synthetic strategies, and control methods. We scrutinize built‐in functions that are specific to the structures by revealing various interplays and mechanisms involved in the expression of function. We propose major fundamental issues to be addressed in chemistry as well as future directions from physics, materials, and application perspectives.     

Chemical Biology Approaches for Investigating the Functions of Lysine Acetyltransferases

The side‐chain acetylation of lysine residues in histones and non‐histone proteins catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) represents a widespread posttranslational modification (PTM) in the eukaryotic cells. Lysine acetylation plays regulatory roles in major cellular pathways inside and outside the nucleus. In particular, KAT‐mediated histone acetylation has an effect on all DNA‐templated epigenetic processes. Aberrant expression and activation of KATs are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. In recent years, the study of KAT functions in biology and disease has greatly benefited from chemical biology tools and strategies. In this Review, we present the past and current accomplishments in the design of chemical biology approaches for the interrogation of KAT activity and function. These methods and probes are classified according to their mechanisms of action and respective applications, with both strengths and limitations discussed.     

Cluster Quantum Chemical Study of Triaminotoluene Interaction with a Model Clay Surface

This paper presents the results of an ab initio cluster quantum chemical study at the HF/6-31G level for the triaminotoluene (TAT) molecule interaction with a model clay surface, in particular, a kaolinite-type clay mineral. The latter is characterized by a layer structure that contains three different structure units corresponding to alumina, silica, and an intersection of alumina-silica. According to the obtained results, the physical adsorption of TAT took place both on alumina and silica structure units. In going from silica to alumina-silica units, the two-center adsorption of TAT will result in strong adsorption via formation of a TATH⁺ species stabilized by two strong H bonds. Different channels of interactions of TAT with kaolinite-type clay surfaces (i.e., one-, two-, and three-center adsorption of TAT, an aromatic six-member ring opening of TAT) and its destruction via breaking the methyl-aromatic or amino-aromatic ring bonds are also discussed.     

Synthetic Approaches to Selenoesters

Selenoesters are compounds of great synthetic relevance since they can be used in several types of chemical transformations and mainly due to their great capacity in the formation of acyl radicals. Therefore, the scientific community has been developing several methods for the synthesis of this class of molecules. This review will address the synthesis of these compounds from different starting materials, such as carboxylic acids derivatives (acid chlorides and anhydrides), aldehydes, selenoacetylenes and miscellaneous methods.     

Next-Generation NAMPT Inhibitors Identified by Sequential High-Throughput Phenotypic Chemical and Functional Genomic Screens

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A Model for Inactivation of Microbes Suspended in the Atmosphere by Solar Ultraviolet Radiation

Solar ultraviolet (UV) light within 280–320 nm (UVB) is the primary cause for virus inactivation in the atmosphere. Only the effect of the direct component has been previously evaluated. We developed a simple regression model to estimate the inactivation of a virus due to direct (unscattered), diffuse (scattered) and total (direct + diffuse) components of solar UV (daily integrated irradiances). The model predicts the maximum number of radiation-days a virus will survive at a given altitude above the ground in rural and urban environments under clear skies. We explored the effect of several environmental variables: visibility, altitude and ground reflectivity. We found that the effect of diffuse radiation on virus inactivation was larger than the direct component. The diffuse irradiance increased with ground albedo (mainly due to reflection of the direct attenuated solar off the ground) and decreased with increased visibility (proportional to aerosol loading in the atmosphere). The diffuse component increased with altitude, but the ratio of diffuse to the total decreased with increased altitude, highlighting the importance of the diffuse component of UV near the ground. Our model may help public health studies in predicting and understanding the effect of environmental parameters on the survival of germs.     

Synthesis of Unique Spin-Labeled Nucleic Acids by Combined Enzymatic and Chemical Approaches

The synthesis of uridine-5′-diphosphate analogs, spin-labeled either at C(4) or C(5) is reported as well as their enzymatic incorporation into ribonucleic acids, some of which had previously been shown to be potent interferon inducers upon annealing with poly (inosinic acid). Also, the synthesis of spin-labeled poly (cytidylic acid) obtained by chemical acylation is presented.