Selectivity of quadruplex DNA stationary phases toward amino acids in homodipeptides and alanyl dipeptides

Series of dipeptides, including homodipeptides and alanyl dipeptides, were separated using quadruplex (G-quartet) DNA stationary phases in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC). The stationary phases were constructed by covalently attaching the DNA oligonucleotides to the inner capillary surface. Three different G-quartet forming oligonucleotides were investigated: the two-plane G-quartet forming thrombin-binding aptamer, the four-plane analogue of the thrombin-binding aptamer, and a two-plane oligonucleotide identical to the thrombin-binding aptamer except for the replacement of the guanine by thymine in the central bridging loop of the G-quartet structure. Results were compared with results obtained using capillary electrophoresis on a bare capillary and OTCEC using an oligonucleotide with the same base composition as the thrombin-binding aptamer but in a different sequence that does not allow G-quartet formation as the stationary phase.     

Separation of Trp-Arg and Arg-Trp using G-quartet-forming DNA oligonucleotides in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

DNA oligonucleotides that form intramolecular G-quartet structures were investigated as stationary phase reagents for separation of mixtures of the isomeric dipeptides Trp-Arg and Arg-Trp in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC). The oligonucleotides included a thrombin-binding aptamer that forms a biplanar G-quartet structure and an oligonucleotide that forms a 4-plane G-quartet structure. Fluorescence, circular dichroism and UV-visible absorbance spectroscopies were used in batch solution studies to indicate interactions between the dipeptides and the biplanar G-quartet structure. Results for OTCEC separations were compared with results obtained for capillary zone electrophoresis separations on a bare capillary. Temperature studies suggest that resolution is improved when the G-quartet structure is partially destabilized, but control experiments in which potassium chloride was not included in the mobile phase indicate that the G-quartet structure nevertheless plays a role in the separations.     

Capillary electrochromatographic separation of bovine milk proteins using a G-quartet DNA stationary phase

DNA oligonucleotides that form G-quartet structures were used as stationary phase reagents for separation of bovine milk proteins, including alpha-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin. Both artificial protein mixtures and a skim milk sample were analyzed. The separations were performed using open-tubular capillary electrochromatography, in which the oligonucleotides were covalently attached to the inner surface of a fused-silica capillary. Better resolution was achieved using the G-quartet-coated capillaries than was achieved using either a bare capillary or a capillary coated with an oligonucleotide that does not form a G-quartet structure. A 4-plane G-quartet-forming stationary phase was able to resolve three peaks for alpha-casein and to detect thermal denaturation of the proteins in the milk sample. The results suggest that G-quartet stationary phases could be used to separate very similar protein structures, such as those arising from genetic variations or post-translational modifications.     

Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography of bovine beta-lactoglobulin variants A and B using an aptamer stationary phase.

DNA aptamers that form a G-quartet conformation were covalently attached to a capillary surface for open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of bovine beta-lactoglobulin variants A and B, which vary by 2 of their 162 amino acid residues. Separation was achieved using a 4-plane, G-quartet aptamer stationary phase with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) or phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. In control experiments, separation did not occur using either an oligonucleotide of similar base composition but which does not form a G-quartet structure, or using capillary zone electrophoresis on a bare capillary under similar experimental conditions. Separation was achieved using a capillary coated only with the covalent linker molecule. In phosphate buffer, the separations were similar for aptamer-coated and linker-only stationary phases, while in Tris buffer, retention times were almost doubled for the linker-only capillary. When Tris buffer is the mobile phase, there appears to be weaker interactions between the proteins and the stationary phase that may result in a gentler, less denaturing separation than is commonly achieved using hydrocarbon-based stationary phases.     

Study of physically absorbed stationary phases for open tubullar capillary electrochromatography.

A novel method based on the adsorption of positively charged compounds on the wall of a fused-silica capillary was applied to prepare stationary phases for open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC). The positively charged substances including cationic surfactant such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and basic chiral selectors such as protein, peptide and amino acid were physically adsorbed onto the capillary wall under specially selected conditions. The adsorbed stationary phase of CTAB was used to separate neutral compounds, while the others were used for chiral separations. The run-to-run reproducibility of retention time was rather good with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 2.3%. The separation efficiency was excellent with the highest theoretical plate number of up to 590000/m and the average one above 250000/m. Stored at 2-8 degrees C in the refrigerator, the adsorbed stationary phase can last at least one month. It was observed that the UV spectra for the enantiomers are significantly different due to the diastereomeric interactions of enantiomers with the chiral stationary phase in the detection window. With the use of the same capillary, the same instrument, and the same mobile phase, the superiority of OTCEC over open tubular liquid chromatography (OTLC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was illustrated.     

吸附固定相开管毛细管电色谱方法的建立（英文）

 首次将管壁吸附作用作为开管毛细管电色谱固定相制备的推动力,成功地建立了称为“吸附固定相开管毛细管电色谱”的一种新方法。原理是：选择合适的条件,让荷正电的化合物在毛细管管壁上充分吸附,直接用吸附层作为固定相。目前,已有数类化合物被用作固定相物质,其中包括阳离子表面活性剂如十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）、碱性蛋白质如溶菌酶和细胞色素C、碱性小肽如赖氨酸-酪氨酸和赖氨酸-丝氨酸-酪氨酸、以及碱性氨基酸如L-赖氨酸。CTAB吸附固定相用于分离电中性化合物,其它吸附固定相用于手性分离。     

Separation of peptide diastereomers using CEC and a hydrophobic monolithic column

A neutral hydrophobic monolith prepared by radical in situ copolymerization of lauryl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacylate has been evaluated for the CEC separation of diastereomers of small peptides using acidic mobile phases containing ACN as organic modifier. Using an acidic mobile phase, the peptides migrated due to their own electrophoretic mobility. Hydrophobic interactions with the stationary phase contributed to the separation. Peptide mobility and resolution increased with increasing the ACN content. Retention times increased with the pH of the mobile phase. Peak resolution increased with buffer pH and concentration. Di‐ and tripeptides composed only of L ‐configured amino acids migrated faster than peptides containing D ‐amino acids. A mixture of isomeric Asp tripeptides that could not be completely resolved by either CZE or HPLC as well as the 24mer peptides tetracosactide and ¹⁶[D ‐Lys]‐tetracosactide could also be separated by CEC on the hydrophobic monolith.     

Comparison of zirconia- and silica-based reversed stationary phases for separation of enkephalins

In this study, the separation of biologically active peptides on two zirconia-based phases, polybutadiene (PBD)-ZrO2 and polystyrene (PS)-ZrO2, and a silica-based phase C18 was compared. Basic differences in interactions on both types of phases led to quite different selectivity. The retention characteristics were investigated in detail using a variety of organic modifiers, buffers, and temperatures. These parameters affected retention, separation efficiency, resolution and symmetry of peaks. Separation systems consisting of Discovery PBD-Zr column and mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH 2.0 (45:55, v/v) at 70 degrees C and Discovery PS-Zr with acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH 3.5 in the same (v/v) ratio at 40 degrees C were suitable for a good resolution of enkephalin related peptides. Mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH 5.0 (22:78, v/v) was appropriate for separation of enkephalins on Supelcosil C18 stationary phase.     

Rapid separation of peptides and proteins by isocratic capillary electrochromatography at elevated temperature

The use of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) for the separation by isocratic elution of synthetic peptides, proteins as well as the tryptic digest of cytochrome c has been demonstrated. The monolithic porous stationary phase was prepared from silanized fused-silica capillaries of 75 microm I.D. by in situ copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in the presence of propanol and formamide as the porogens. The chloromethyl groups at the surface of the porous monolith were reacted with N,N-dimethylbutylamine to form a positively charged chromatographic surface with fixed n-butyl chains. Results of studies on the influence of temperature and mobile phase composition on the retention and selectivity of separation by CEC demonstrated the feasibility of rapid polypeptide analysis and tryptic mapping at elevated temperature with high resolution and efficiency. Typically the chromatography of a tryptic digest of cytochrome c took about 5 min at 55 degrees C and 75 kV/m with hydro-organic mobile phases containing acetonitrile in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 2.5. For peptides and proteins plots of logarithmic k'cec against acetonitrile concentration were nonlinear, whereas Arrhenius plots for the mobilities were nearly linear. Comparison of the separation of such samples under conditions of CEC and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) indicates that the mechanism of separation in CEC is unique and leads to a chromatographic profile different from that obtained by CZE.     

Peptide separation in hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography

Separation of small peptides by hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography (HI-CEC) has been investigated. The negative surface charge of a hydrophilic, strong-cation-exchange stationary phase (PolySULFOETHYL A) provided a substantial cathodic electroosmotic flow (EOF). The influence of acetonitrile content, ionic strength, mobile phase pH as well as applied voltage on the migration of the peptides was studied. Possible retention mechanisms of the peptides in HI-CEC were discussed. It was found that hydrophilic interaction between the solutes and the stationary phase played a major role in this system, especially when mobile phases with high acetonitrile content were used. However, an ion-exchange mechanism and electrophoretic mobility also affect the migration of the peptides in HI-CEC. Elution order and selectivity was proved to be different in HI-CEC and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), thus revealing the potential of HI-CEC as a complementary technique to CZE for the separation of peptides. Efficiency and selectivity of HI-CEC for the separation of peptides were demonstrated by baseline separating nine peptides in 6 min.     

Multimodal open-tubular capillary electrochromatographic analysis of amines and peptides

This study describes a comparison of different modes of open-tubular electrochromatography (OTCEC) in bare and etched capillaries. To carry out the investigation, the separation of impurities of two synthetic peptides and the separation of a mixture of five heterocyclic aromatic amines were studied. Three different types of stationary phase were evaluated: (i) fluorosurfactants (anionic and zwitterionic) adsorbed in the inner wall of the capillary (electrochromatography with dynamically modified stationary phases (DMS)CEC); (ii) physically adsorbed polymers (DMA-SO(3-) and DMA-N(+)(CH(3))(3)) and (iii) chemically modified capillaries (C(18), cholesteryl 10-undecanoate and diol). The results confirm that electrochromatography can be a viable alternative to capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography, more established separation techniques. It is possible to differentiate some minor species for the synthetic peptides that cannot be resolved by CE or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover the separation of the amine mixture depends strongly on the stationary phase used.     

Open tubular capillary electrokinetic chromatography in etched fused-silica tubes

This review describes an open tubular approach to capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC) that first etches the inner surface of the fused-silica tube using ammonium hydrogen diflouride. This process can increase the inner surface area significantly. The new surface is then chemically modified to attach a bonded stationary phase using a silanization/hydrosilation reaction process. The surfaces are characterized spectroscopically by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform and by electroosmotic flow measurements. Applications of OTCEC columns with C18, diol and chiral stationary phases are described.     

Chiral Separation by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Used Cyclodextrins and Their Derivatives as Chiral Selector

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is a very pronising analytical technique for the optical isomer resolution of the compounds studied. The drawbacks of the techniques such as HPLC [1] were sophisticated stationary phases and/or the relatively high quantity of the chiral agent in the mobile phase, which do not exist in CZE. The capillary electrophoresis (CE) method can offer advantages on lower consumption of analyte and background electrolyte (BGE), shorter analysis time, and higher efficiencies [2-3]     

温度对蛋白和β-环糊精手性固定相拆分对映体的影响

 采用三聚氯氰为活化剂分别合成了牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)、人血清白蛋白 (HSA)和 β 环糊精手性固定相 ,研究了温度在色氨酸 ,华法令 ,酮基布洛芬和丹酰化苏氨酸手性拆分中的影响。结果表明 ,在蛋白手性固定相上对映体间的熵变对色氨酸 ,华法令和酮基布洛芬的拆分有很大的影响 ,而丹酰化苏氨酸对映体在 β 环糊精手性固定相上的拆分为典型的焓控过程 ,与蛋白柱有着不同的热力学特性。由于键合方式不同 ,色氨酸在我们合成的BSA手性固定相上的最佳分离温度为 35℃左右 ,而不是文献报道的以戊二醛为活化剂的 2 4℃。     

吸附固定相开管毛细管电色谱方法的建立（英文）

首次将管壁吸附作用作为开管毛细管电色谱固定相制备的推动力,成功地建立了称为“吸附固定相开管毛细管电色谱”的一种新方法。原理是：选择合适的条件,让荷正电的化合物在毛细管管壁上充分吸附,直接用吸附层作为固定相。目前,已有数类化合物被用作固定相物质,其中包括阳离子表面活性剂如十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）、碱性蛋白质如溶菌酶和细胞色素C、碱性小肽如赖氨酸-酪氨酸和赖氨酸-丝氨酸-酪氨酸、以及碱性氨基酸如L-赖氨酸。CTAB吸附固定相用于分离电中性化合物,其它吸附固定相用于手性分离。所建立的方法重现性好（迁移时间次间RSD值小于2．3％）,柱效高（最高柱效可达590000／m,平均柱效在250000／m以上）,寿命较长（2～8℃下保存,至少30d）。与已有的固定相制备方法比较,所建立的方法具有简便、快速和稳定等优点。     

Preparation of stationary phases for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using thermal treatments at high temperature

Batches of poly(methyloctylsiloxane) (PMOS)-loaded silica were prepared by deposition from a solution of PMOS into the pores of HPLC silica. Portions of PMOS-loaded silica were subjected to a thermal treatment at 100 degrees C for 24h (condition 1) in a tube furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere. After that, the material was heated for 4h at higher temperatures (150-400 degrees C) (condition 2). Heating at higher temperatures produces polymer bilayers. Non-immobilized and thermally treated stationary phases were characterized by percent carbon, (29)Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and reversed-phase chromatographic performance. The results show that thermal treatment between 150 and 300 degrees C accelerates the immobilization process, possibly due to some bond breaking of the polysiloxane, with formation of strong linkages to the surface of the support, resulting in more complete coverage of the silica. The chromatographic results show an improvement of efficiency with the increase of the temperature of condition 2 up to 300 degrees C and an increase in the resolution of the components, mainly for the phase heated at 300 degrees C. Such results demonstrate that a two-step thermal treatment (100 degrees C then 150-300 degrees C) produces stationary phases with good properties for use in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.     

Separation of small peptides by electrochromatography on silica-based reversed phases and hydrophobic anion exchange phases

Peptide separations are regarded as a promising application of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and, at the same time, a suitable model to elucidate its mixed separation mechanism when charged analytes are involved. In this paper, studies on the separation of small peptides (2-4 amino acids) on a Spherisorb octadecyl silane (ODS) phase at acidic pH and on a strong anion exchange (SAX)/C18 mixed mode phase at weakly basic pH are reported. For the ODS phase a comparison of CEC, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under identical buffer/eluent conditions is presented. The predicted retention factors for CEC under the assumption of simple superposition of HPLC retention and CZE migration matched the measured results for the peptides that had small retention factors in HPLC. For both types of stationary phases, a variation of the acetonitrile content in the mobile phase led to a wide range of retention factors, including negative values when co-electroosmotic migration was dominant. Though both the ODS and the SAX/C18 phase offer unique advantages, the SCX/C18 phase at pH 9 provides more flexibility to alter separation selectivity for the selected peptides.     

Analysis of polar peptides using a silica hydride column and high aqueous content mobile phases

The retention behavior of a set of polar peptides separated on a silica hydride stationary phase was examined with a capillary HPLC system coupled to ESI‐MS detection. The mobile phases consisted of formic acid or acetic acid/acetonitrile/water mixtures with the acetonitrile content ranging from 5 to 80% v/v. The effects on peptide retention of these two acidic buffer additives and their concentrations in the mobile phase were systematically investigated. Strong retention of the peptides on the silica hydride phase was observed with relatively high‐organic low‐aqueous mobile phases (i.e. under aqueous normal‐phase conditions). However, when low concentrations of acetic acid were employed as the buffer additive, strong retention of the peptides was also observed even when high aqueous content mobile phases were employed. This unique feature of the stationary phase therefore provides an opportunity for chromatographic analysis of polar peptides with water‐rich eluents, a feature usually not feasible with traditional RP sorbents, and thus under conditions more compatible with analytical green chemistry criteria. In addition, both isocratic and gradient elution procedures can be employed to optimize peptide separations with excellent reproducibility and resolution under these high aqueous mobile phase conditions with this silica hydride stationary phase.     

Characterization and applications of etched chemically modified capillaries for open-tubular capillary electrochromatography

In this article, the effects of the stationary phase, buffer pH, organic modifier type, organic modifier composition, applied voltage, and temperature on the migration of several synthetic peptides in etched chemically modified open-tubular capillaries are discussed. With these solutes, migration is due to two effects: electrophoretic mobility and solute/bonded phase interactions. In addition, relative migration rates are evaluated for the peptide samples as a function of these experimental variables in order to determine which parameters might be useful for optimizing separations in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC). Some examples of synthetic peptide separations are presented where the sample contains a major component and several minor species, demonstrating how the resolution of these mixtures can be affected by the appropriate choice of experimental variables.     

Gradient separation of PTH-amino acids employing supercritical CO2 and modifiers

Twenty-four PTH-amino acids are rapidly and efficiently separated on a packed cyanopropyl Zorbax column by gradient elution of supercritical CO2 and tetramethylammonium hydroxide-modified methanol. Complete or partial resolution of 22 derivatives is observed with only valine coeluting with norleucine and lysine coeluting with asparagine. A wide variety of stationary phases and modifiers are investigated with supercritical CO2 in attempting to achieve the separation in less than 15 min. Critical to achieving a rapid and efficient separation is the control of modifier flow into the CO2. No modifier is required for elution of neutral PTH-amino acids. The addition of base plays a major role in the elution of acidic and basic PTH-amino acids. Peak tailing is minimized and the elution order of several peaks is altered upon incorporation of reagent into the mobile phase.