Kinetics of the reversible reaction of CO2(aq) with ammonia in aqueous solution

The kinetics of the interactions of aqueous ammonia with aqueous carbon dioxide/carbonate species has been investigated using stopped-flow techniques by monitoring the pH changes via indicators. The reactions include the reversible formation of ammonium carbamate/carbamic acid. A complete reaction mechanism has been established, and the temperature dependence of all rate and equilibrium constants including the protonation constant of the amine between 15 and 45 °C are reported and analyzed in terms of Arrhenius, Eyring, and van't Hoff relationships.     

Glucose and fructose hydrates in aqueous solution by IR spectroscopy

In the mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance (MIR-ATR) spectra of aqueous d-glucose and d-fructose solutions, two hydrates were found by factor analysis (FA) for each sugar, d-glucose penta- and dihydrates and d-fructose penta- and monohydrates. We obtained the spectra and abundances for these hydrates as a function of carbohydrate concentrations. The biggest difference in these spectra lies in the CO stretch region. From the distribution of the species, the equilibrium between d-glucose pentahydrate and dihydrate is 3(H2O)2+2(C6H12O(6).2H2O) right arrow over left arrow 2(C6H12O(6).5H2O), with the equilibrium constant KG=(3.2+/-0.6)x10(-5) L3 mol-3. For d-fructose, the equilibrium is between pentahydrate and monohydrate, 2(H2O)2+C6H12O6.H2O right arrow over left arrow C6H12O(6).5H2O, with the equilibrium constant KF=(7.1+/-1.2)x10(-3) L2 mol-2. The four hydrates are present only in aqueous solutions and cannot be obtained in the solid state.     

Dynamic structures of aqueous oxalate and the effects of counterions seen by 2D IR

Two dimensional vibrational echo spectra of oxalate in the carboxylate asymmetric stretch region in D(2)O show two transitions having anomalously slow spectral diffusion and a third transition having relaxation properties typical of the free carboxylate ion. Quantitative analysis of the frequency shifts of the carboxylate asymmetric stretch modes caused by a singly charged cation in the oxalate hydration shell supports that ion pairs can be responsible for these new transitions. Experimental evidence and DFT calculations are consistent with oxalate forming a mixture of "side-on" and "end on" contact ion pairs wherein the carboxylate groups are protected from mobile heavy water molecules.     

About the stability of Au(NH3) 4 3+ in aqueous solution

The transformations of Au(OH) ₄ ^? in aqueous solutions (T = 20°C, I = 1) containing NH₃ and NH ₄ ⁺ (pH 8.1–8.5) were studied. The most pronounced changes in the system occur in the range 0 > log [NH ₄ ⁺ ] > ?2.0 (c _Au = (1?10) × 10^?4 mol/L, the monitoring time was about two weeks). When log [NH ₄ ⁺ ] > 0, Au(NH₃) ₄ ³⁺ dominates together with the amido form Au(NH₃)₃NH ₂ ²⁺ ; when log [NH ₄ ⁺ ] < ?2.0, no changes in the spectra are observed, probably, because of the very low rate of the processes. As c _Au increases in the indicated range, the polymerization rate grows. The equilibrium constant for Au(NH₃)₃OH²⁺ + NH₃ = Au(NH₃) ₄ ³⁺ + OH is log $ K_{4 OH, NH_3 } The transformations of Au(OH)₄⁻ in aqueous solutions (T = 20°C, I = 1) containing NH₃ and NH₄⁺ (pH 8.1–8.5) were studied. The most pronounced changes in the system occur in the range 0 > log [NH₄⁺] > −2.0 (c _Au = (1−10) × 10⁻⁴ mol/L, the monitoring time was about two weeks). When log [NH₄⁺] > 0, Au(NH₃)₄³⁺ dominates together with the amido form Au(NH₃)₃NH₂²⁺; when log [NH₄⁺] < −2.0, no changes in the spectra are observed, probably, because of the very low rate of the processes. As c _Au increases in the indicated range, the polymerization rate grows. The equilibrium constant for Au(NH₃)₃OH²⁺ + NH₃ = Au(NH₃)₄³⁺ + OH is log = −4.2 ± 0.3. This constant was used together with other constants, taking into account possible ligand effects, to estimate the formation constant of Au(NH₃)₄³⁺: logβ₄ = 47 ± 1, E _3/0 = 0.64 ± 0.02 V, log = −8.5 ± 1 (substitution of 4 NH₃ for 4 OH⁻ in Au(OH)₄⁻), log = 17.5 ± 1 (substitution of 4NH₃ for 4Cl⁻ in AuCl₄⁻). Original Russian Text ? I.V. Mironov, 2008, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2008, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 711–715.     

Controlled formation of the two-dimensional TTBC J-aggregates in an aqueous solution

Strong experimental and theoretical evidence was provided on the controlled formation of the two-dimensional J-aggregates that were assembled in the herringbone morphology. The exciton-band structure formation of 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachlorobenzimidazolocarbocyanine (TTBC) J-aggregates was investigated in ionic (NaOH) aqueous solution at room temperature. The control was achieved by changing the [TTBC] at a given [NaOH], or vice versa, and was monitored through the changes in the absorption, fluorescence excitation, and emission spectra. Specific attention was paid to expose the excited-state structure and dynamics through simulations of the excitonic properties, which included diagonal energetic disorder and phonon-assisted exciton relaxation. Aggregates were characterized by an asymmetrically split Davydov pair, an H-band (approximately 500 nm, 1300 cm(-1) wide, Lorentzian-like) and a J-band (approximately 590 nm, 235 cm(-1) wide, with a band shape typical of a one-dimensional J-aggregate), whose relative intensities showed a strong dependence on the [TTBC]/[NaOH]. The H-band is favored by high [TTBC] or high [NaOH]. An explanation of the control on the aggregate formation was given by correlating the changes in the absorption with the structural modifications and the subsequent changes in the dynamics, which were induced by variations in the dye and NaOH concentrations. The J-band shape/width was attributed to disorder and disorder-induced intraband phonon-assisted exciton relaxation. The intraband processes in both bands were estimated to occur in the same time scale (about a picosecond). It has been suggested that the wide energetic gap between the Davydov split bands (3000 cm(-1)) could get bridged by the excitonic states of the loosely coupled chains, in addition to the monomeric species at low [TTBC]. Phonon-assisted interband relaxation, through the band gap states and/or directly from the H- to the J-band, are suggested for accounting the difference between the bandwidths and shapes of the two bands. Energy transfer between the H-band and the monomeric species is suggested as crucial for tuning the relative strengths of the two bands.     

Sulfur stable isotope distribution of polysulfide anions in an (NH4)2Sn aqueous solution

Methylation of polysulfides [(NH4)2Sn)] by reaction with CF3SO3CH3 followed by separation of the produced dimethylpolysulfides by liquid chromatography and subsequent highly accurate stable isotope analysis by a continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer shows that polysulfide anions in an aqueous solution exchange isotopes with the other sulfur species in the system. It demonstrates for the first time that polysulfide anions are 34S-enriched in equilibrium relative to total sulfur as a function of their sulfur chain length.     

Low temperature pressure broadening of NH3 by D2

We report experimentally measured cross sections for pressure broadening of ammonia inversion transitions by J=0, ortho-D2 at temperatures of 18-40 K. These measurements were made in a quasiequilibrium cell using the collisional cooling technique. Cross sections for broadening of the metastable (J,K)=(1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3) inversion transitions ranged from 67.5 A2 for (1, 1) at 20.0 K to 100.1 A2 for (3, 3) at 25.0 K. The J=0, ortho-D2 cross sections were found to be consistently larger than previously measured cross sections for low temperature broadening of NH3 by both He and H2.     

Multiscale approach to CO2 hydrate formation in aqueous solution: phase field theory and molecular dynamics. Nucleation and growth

A phase field theory with model parameters evaluated from atomistic simulations/experiments is applied to predict the nucleation and growth rates of solid CO(2) hydrate in aqueous solutions under conditions typical to underwater natural gas hydrate reservoirs. It is shown that under practical conditions a homogeneous nucleation of the hydrate phase can be ruled out. The growth rate of CO(2) hydrate dendrites has been determined from phase field simulations as a function of composition while using a physical interface thickness (0.85+/-0.07 nm) evaluated from molecular dynamics simulations. The growth rate extrapolated to realistic supersaturations is about three orders of magnitude larger than the respective experimental observation. A possible origin of the discrepancy is discussed. It is suggested that a kinetic barrier reflecting the difficulties in building the complex crystal structure is the most probable source of the deviations.     

Rh-CeO2催化剂表面CO还原NO反应中羟基介导NH3生成问题的探讨

CO催化还原NO是发生在汽车尾气净化催化剂中的一个重要化学反应.CeO2容易发生氧化还原反应CeO2?CeO2?x+(x/2)O2而具有氧储存/释放作用,可以有效地促进CO氧化,因而CeO2作为储氧材料和催化助剂被广泛应用于汽车催化剂中.在过渡金属元素中,铑对NO的解离活性最高,是目前汽车三效催化剂中最为重要的还原性活性组分.目前,有关Rh-CeO2基催化剂表面CO还原NO的文献仅关注催化反应活性和N2O选择性,对CO还原NO反应机理的理解还不够深入准确,无法为轻型汽油车NH3排放控制提供正确有用的理论基础.NH3排放至大气中会以NH4+形式与SO42?和NO3?离子结合,导致二次颗粒物污染,因此,研究CO还原NO反应中NH3生成机理对轻型汽油车NH3排放控制具有非常重要的理论意义.我们研究组强调了CO催化还原NO反应的表面羟基介导NH3生成问题,并通过原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(in-situ DRIFTS),傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR),程序升温还原/氧化(TPR/TPO)等现代分析表征技术深入研究了CO还原NO反应机理,并首次提出了催化剂表面"羟基脱氢"反应的NH3生成机理.研究发现,Rh-CeO2催化剂表面CO还原NO反应的NH3选择性最高可达9.7%,其反应表观活化能仅为36 kJ/mol,in-situ DRIFTS,FT-IR和NO-TPO测试结果表明,NH3的生成可归因于催化剂表面"羟基脱氢"反应,即CO与催化剂表面端位羟基和桥式羟基发生"水煤气转化"反应生成H2,反应产生的H2还原NO生成NH3;CeO2中非骨架铈双羟基化形成的类氢氧化铈物种则会直接与NO发生脱氢反应生成NH3,但需要更高的反应温度.值得注意的是,当反应气中额外通入5%水蒸气时,其反应表观活化能提高了21 kJ/mol(同比增加58.3%),更重要的是NH3选择性明显提高,最高可达25.3%(同比增加160.8%),FT-IR测试结果表明,这是由于水蒸气作用促使催化剂表面羟基化,表面活性氢源得以不断补充.这从动力学角度促进了端位羟基和桥式羟基的"水煤气转化"反应而提高NH3选择性.同时,对比NO/H2,CO/NO和CO/NO/H2O反应的NH3生成浓度,我们还发现,H2O分子与NO的竞争吸附会抑制未解离吸附的NH3进一步还原NO,减少反应生成NH3的消耗,促使更多生成的NH3从催化剂表面脱附至气相中,这也是水蒸气导致NH3选择性明显增加的重要原因.以上结果清晰地表明了催化剂表面"羟基脱氢"作用和水蒸气分子与NO的竞争吸附行为对CO还原NO反应中NH3生成的重要影响.     

Towards the experimental decomposition rate of carbonic acid (H2CO3) in aqueous solution

Dry carbonic acid has recently been shown to be kinetically stable even at room temperature. Addition of water molecules reduces this stability significantly, and the decomposition (H2CO3 + nH2O --> (n+1)H2O + CO2) is extremely accelerated for n = 1, 2, 3. By including two water molecules, a reaction rate that is a factor of 3000 below the experimental one (10 s(-1)) at room temperature was found. In order to further remove the gap between experiment and theory, we increased the number of water molecules involved to 3 and took into consideration different mechanisms for thorough elucidation of the reaction. A mechanism whereby the reaction proceedes via a six-membered transition state turns out to be the most efficient one over the whole examined temperature range. The determined reaction rates approach experimental values in aqueous solution reasonably well; most especially, a significant increase in the rates in comparison to the decomposition reaction with fewer water molecules is found. Further agreement with experiment is found in the kinetic isotope effects (KIE) for the deuterated species. For water-free carbonic acid, the KIE (i.e., kH2CO3/kD2CO3) for the decomposition reaction is predicted to be 220 at 300 K, whereas it amounts to 2.2-3.0 for the investigated mechanisms including three water molecules. This result is therefore reasonably close to the experimental value of 2 (at 300 K). These KIEs are in much better accordance with the experiment than the KIE for decomposition with fewer water entities.     

The enthalpy of formation of the praseodymium ion (3+) in an infinitely dilute aqueous solution

The enthalpy of reaction between praseodymium metal and 1.07 n HCl and the enthalpy of solution of praseodymium trichloride in 1.07 n HCl and water were measured in a swinging isoperibol calorimeter at 298.15 K. The results were used to calculate the enthalpy of formation of the praseodymium ion in the state of an infinitely dilute aqueous solution, Δ_f H°_298.15 Pr³⁺(sln, ∞H₂O) = ?687.8 ± 1.7 kJ/mol.     

The homogeneous reaction CD4 + NH3 → CD3H + NH2D: The effect of ethane impurities

The homogeneous exchange reaction between tetradeutero methane and ammonia was studied behind reflected shocks in a single-pulse shock tube over the temperature range of 1300–1800°K. The rate of production of CD₃H at the early stages of the reaction in mixtures ranging between 1-4.5% NH₃ and 1–4.3% CD₄ in argon is given by d[CD₃H]/dt=k_b [CD₄]₀[NH₃]₀, where k_b=8 × 10¹⁶ exp (?65.3 × 10³/RT) cm³/mole·sec. This activation energy is considerably lower than the one that may be expected on the basis of a pure free radical mechanism. It is rationalized by C₂D₆ impurities in the methane. No clear answer can be obtained regarding the role of a four-center intermediate in this reaction.     

Analysis of ion-association reaction in aqueous solution and its utilization by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Electrophoretic migration of analytes in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) reflects the dissolved status of analytes in solution, and the electrophoretic mobility is controlled to develop the resolution among analytes by adding a "modifier" to the migrating solution. Such addition of modifier is essentially the utilization of molecular interactions. Precise measurement of electrophoretic mobility by CZE allows analyzing molecular interactions, and CZE apparatus is very useful for physicochemical measurements. This review focuses on the advantages on using CZE to analyze equilibrium reaction; the capillary electrophoretic method and mathematical analyses that apply acid dissociation and complex formation reactions are also validated. Ion association reactions are deeply related to analytical chemistry and separation science, and CZE has been used for the investigation of ion-ion interactions. Various types of interactions have been clarified through the CZE measurements: contributions of hydrophobicity, probability, and aromatic-aromatic interaction were quantitatively evaluated. Ion association reaction in aqueous solution also elucidates the stepwise reactions of liquid-liquid distribution of ion associates. Development and applications of ion association reaction in CZE analysis are also introduced.     

Enzymatic Electrosynthesis of Glycine from CO2 and NH3

Enzymatic electrosynthesis has gained more and more interest as an emerging green synthesis platform, particularly for the fixation of CO₂. However, the simultaneous utilization of CO₂ and a nitrogenous molecule for the enzymatic electrosynthesis of value-added products has never been reported. In this study, we constructed an in vitro multienzymatic cascade based on the reductive glycine pathway and demonstrated an enzymatic electrocatalytic system that allowed the simultaneous conversion of CO₂ and NH₃ as the sole carbon and nitrogen sources to synthesize glycine. Through effective coupling and the optimization of electrochemical cofactor regeneration and the multienzymatic cascade reaction, 0.81 mM glycine was yielded with a highest reaction rate of 8.69 mg L⁻¹ h⁻¹ and faradaic efficiency of 96.8 %. These results imply a promising alternative for enzymatic CO₂ electroreduction and expand its products to nitrogenous chemicals.