纯水溶液中的氢键交换反应路径

利用分子动力学模拟方法对纯水溶液的氢键转化动力学性质进行了深入的微观探讨,溶液中非氢键构型为寿命较短(0.1～0.2 ps)的过渡态构型,我们发现氢键交换通过两种过渡构型完成,氢键角度扭曲激发后与氢键第一壳层水分子沿路径1交换,氢键径向拉伸激发后与氢键第二壳层水分子沿路径2交换,过渡态路径的选择具有温度依赖性.氢键转化需在旧氢键受体氢键过量和新氢键受体氢键不足,同时满足交换反应空间结构要求下才能完成.氢键交换反应对水分子平动和转动行为起着决定作用.     

Reduction and dephosphorization of molten iron oxide with hydrogen-argon plasma

A laboratory-scale test was made in which iron oxide contained in a water-cooled crucible was melted and reduced by using a 10–50% H₂-Ar transferred arc plasma. The degree of reduction was found to be proportional to the amount of hydrogen fed. The efficiency of hydrogen utilization for the reduction was 50–70%, which is much higher than equilibrium values below 3000 K. This high efficiency was attributable partially to the reactivity of the hydrogen atom in a plasma and partially to the continuous contact of the hydrogen plasma with the molten iron oxide layer floating over the liquid iron formed. During the plasma reduction, evaporative loss of phosphorus was observed. The degree of phosphorus removal depended on the weight ratio, CaO/(SiO₂+Al₂O₃). H₂-Ar plasma was shown to be far superior for the phosphorus removal, compared with Ar and Ar-N₂ plasma.     

Vibrational spectra of volatile inorganic hydrides in the liquid state

The results of studies of IR and Raman spectra of volatile inorganic hydrides of Group IV–VI and Periods 3 and 4 elements in the liquid state are surveyed and analyzed. The mechanisms of intermolecular interactions in these liquids are discussed. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 629–644, April, 1999.     

硫酸铜能否加快氢气生成速率实验探究

旨在搞清CuSO4能否加快氢气生成速率,基于反应液质量递减法测定单位时间内氢气生成量,并用于反应速率表述。结果表明,CuSO4能否加快氢气生成速率取决于单质锌的形态。锌粒与CuSO4联用有利于氢气制备。     

Kinetic calculation for the reaction of H with Si2H6 using the variational transition state theory

The reaction of disilane with atomic hydrogen has been studied. This reaction involves both substitution and abstraction. Calculations show that the hydrogen abstraction is the strongest competing channel. The canonical variational transition state theory with a small curvature tunneling correction (SCT) has been used for the kinetic calculation. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Comparing the reactions of atomic hydrogen with disilane and silane, it can be seen that the reactivity of the Si-H bond is higher in Si₂H₆ than that in SiH₄.     

Transition structures and exo/endo stereoselectivities of concerted [6 + 4] cycloadditions with density functional theory

Density functional theory transition structures were located for three concerted [6 + 4] cycloaddition reactions involving cis-hexatriene and butadiene, cyclopentadiene and cycloheptatriene, and cyclopentadiene and tropone. Geometries, energies, and entropies were computed at the Becke3LYP/6-31G* level. The activation energy of the concerted [6 + 4] cycloaddition of hexatriene and butadiene is 33.3 kcal/mol, about 8 kcal/mol above the activation energy of the butadiene plus ethylene [4 + 2] cycloaddition. The endo concerted [6 + 4] transition state is 1.1 kcal/mol higher than the exo. The [6 + 4] reaction of cyclopentadiene and cycloheptatriene has a barrier of 25.9 kcal/mol, while the cyclopentadiene–tropone barrier drops to 20.7 kcal/mol. Received: 3 December 1998 / Accepted: 18 February 1999 / Published online: 7 June 1999     

半导体光催化分解水的析氢效率研究

光催化水制氢是太阳能向氢能转化的有效途径,在清洁能源利用方面具有较大的潜力。光催化产氢过程主要包括光生电子和空穴对的产生、迁移以及在表面活性位点的氧化还原反应,在此过程中由于电子-空穴对的复合以及催化剂的结构和表面活性位点的局限,导致电子和空穴不能完全迁移到催化剂表面并参与氧化还原反应,从而降低了析氢效率。因此本文以抑制光生电子-空穴对复合及增加表面活性位点为目的,从调控催化剂微观特性和外在属性两方面入手,分析总结了目前常见的半导体催化剂粒径、形貌、晶面、表面活性位点调控手段以及异质结构建和助催化剂负载的方法,探究了上述因素对催化剂析氢效率的影响途径和方式,从中归纳出提升析氢效率的办法。最后对光催化制氢的未来研究方向进行了展望,希望以此为光催化产氢效率的提高提供借鉴。     

Application of open-shell coupled cluster theory to the ground state of GaAs

Summary Theoretical calculations at the coupled cluster level of theory including all single, double and perturbative triple excitations, CCSD(T), are carried out for the^3– ground state of GaAs. Employing a (7s5p3d1f) basis set, the theoretical predictions forr _e (2.560 Å), _e (217 cm^–1),D _e (1.84 eV), and IP (7.80 eV), are in good agreement with recent experimental results. The importance of includingf-type polarization functions in the basis set and the effect of correlating 3d electrons are discussed in detail.     

Reaction dynamics and statistical theory for the growth of hydrogen bonding clusters

The similarities between the formation of hydrogen bonds and polycondensation reactions are stated from the statistical viewpoint, and then taking the hydrogen bonding system of AaDd type as an example, the growing process of hydrogen bonding clusters is investigated in terms of the theory of reaction dynamics and statistical theory for polymeric reactions. The two methods lead to the same conclusions, stating that the statistical theory for polymerization is applicable to the hydrogen bonding systems. Based on this consideration, the explicit relationship between the conversions of proton-donors and proton-acceptors and the Gibbs free energy of the system under study is given. Furthermore, the sol-gel phase transition is predicted to take place in some hydrogen bonding systems, and the corresponding generalized scaling laws describing this kind of phase transition are obtained.     

A Robust One‐Compartment Fuel Cell with a Polynuclear Cyanide Complex as a Cathode for Utilizing H2O2 as a Sustainable Fuel at Ambient Conditions

A robust one‐compartment H₂O₂ fuel cell, which operates without membranes at room temperature, has been constructed by using a series of polynuclear cyanide complexes that contain Fe, Co, Mn, and Cr as cathodes, in sharp contrast to conventional H₂ and MeOH fuel cells, which require membranes and high temperatures. A high open‐circuit potential of 0.68 V was achieved by using Fe₃[{Co^III(CN)₆}₂] on a carbon cloth as the cathode and a Ni mesh as the anode of a H₂O₂ fuel cell by using an aqueous solution of H₂O₂ (0.30 M , pH 3) with a maximum power density of 0.45 mW cm^?2. The open‐circuit potential and maximum power density of the H₂O₂ fuel cell were further increased to 0.78 V and 1.2 mW cm^?2, respectively, by operation under these conditions at pH 1. No catalytic activity of Co₃[{Co^III(CN)₆}₂] and Co₃[{Fe^III(CN)₆}₂] towards H₂O₂ reduction suggests that the N‐bound Fe ions are active species for H₂O₂ reduction. H₂O₂ fuel cells that used Fe₃[{Mn^III(CN)₆}₂] and Fe₃[{Cr^III(CN)₆}₂] as the cathode exhibited lower performance compared with that using Fe₃[{Co^III(CN)₆}₂] as a cathode, because ligand isomerization of Fe₃[{M^III(CN)₆}₂] into (FeM₂)[{Fe^II(CN)₆}₂] (M=Cr or Mn) occurred to form inactive Fe? C bonds under ambient conditions, whereas no ligand isomerization of Fe₃[{Co^III(CN)₆}₂] occurred under the same reaction conditions. The importance of stable Fe²⁺? N bonds was further indicated by the high performance of the H₂O₂ fuel cells with Fe₃[{Ir^III(CN)₆}₂] and Fe₃[{Rh^III(CN)₆}₂], which also contained stable Fe²⁺? N bonds. The stable Fe²⁺? N bonds in Fe₃[{Co^III(CN)₆}₂], which lead to high activity for the electrocatalytic reduction of H₂O₂, allow Fe₃[{Co^III(CN)₆}₂] to act as a superior cathode in one‐compartment H₂O₂ fuel cells.     

Kinetics of the medium-temperature reduction of copper chromite with hydrogen

The static volumetric method was used to study the kinetics of copper chromite CuCr₂O₄ reduction with hydrogen at 50-80 kPa and 498, 523 and 580 K. The rate of copper chromite reduction is maximal initially and decreases monotonically with time. This observation suggests that the reduction is not a topochemical process. The apparent activation energy of the reaction equals initially 107 kJ/mole. The results obtained argue for a particular mechanism of the copper chromite reduction via redox substitution of hydrogen for copper in the chromite and, therefore, agree with earlier data obtained by various structural and adsorption methods. Specific features of the reduction mechanism are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A quantum theory of chemical processes and reaction rates based on diabatic electronic functions coupled in an external field

The method discussed in this work provides a theoretical framework where simple chemical reactions resemble any other standard quantum process, i.e., a transition in quantum state mediated by the electromagnetic field. In our approach, quantum states are represented as a superposition of electronic diabatic basis functions, whose amplitudes can be modulated by the field and by the external control of nuclear configurations. Using a one-dimensional three-state model system, we show how chemical structure and dynamics can be represented in terms of these control parameters, and propose an algorithm to compute the reaction probabilities. Our analysis of effective energy barriers generalizes previous ideas on structural similarity between reactant, and product, and transition states using the geometry of conventional reaction paths. In the present context, exceptions to empirical rules such as the Hammond postulate appear as effects induced by the environment that supplies the external field acting on the quantum system.     

Investigations with the finite element method on the Cyber 205

We are trying to investigate systematically the application of the finite element method (FEM) for solving the Schrödinger equation. The present paper is devoted to the calculation of vibrational transition probabilities for the collinear reactive system A + BC (i.e. H+H₂ and their isotopes). The calculations are fully two-dimensional and the results are compared with earlier FEM calculations and conventional basis set expansion methods using the the R-matrix or S-matrix propagation.We made extensive analysis of FEM on the vector-computer Cyber 205 and developed a vector code for the efficient use in two dimensions, so that in the near future applications even in three dimensions will be possible.For the hydrogen exchange reactions we investigated the following isotope combinations: (a) H + H₂, b) H + DH, D + HD and H + MuH (symmetric reaction), (c) D + HH, H + DD and Mu + DD (asymmetric reaction). We calculated the transition probabilities for up to five open vibrational channels and found excellent agreement with known exact values.     

Transition state theory thermal rate constants and RRKM‐based branching ratios for the N(2D) + CH4 reaction based on multi‐sState and multi‐reference Ab Initio calculations of interest for the titan's chemistry

Multireference single and double configuration interaction (MRCI) calculations including Davidson (+Q) or Pople (+P) corrections have been conducted in this work for the reactants, products, and extrema of the doublet ground state potential energy surface involved in the N( ² D) + CH₄ reaction. Such highly correlated ab initio calculations are then compared with previous PMP4, CCSD(T), W1, and DFT/B3LYP studies. Large relative differences are observed in particular for the transition state in the entrance channel resolving the disagreement between previous ab initio calculations. We confirm the existence of a small but positive potential barrier (3.86 ± 0.84 kJ mol^?1 (MR‐AQCC) and 3.89 kJ mol^?1 (MRCI+P)) in the entrance channel of the title reaction. The correlation is seen to change significantly the energetic position of the two minima and five saddle points of this system together with the dissociation channels but not their relative order. The influence of the electronic correlation into the energetic of the system is clearly demonstrated by the thermal rate constant evaluation and it temperature dependance by means of the transition state theory. Indeed, only MRCI values are able to reproduce the experimental rate constant of the title reaction and its behavior with temperature. Similarly, product branching ratios, evaluated by means of unimolecular RRKM theory, confirm the NH production of Umemoto et al., whereas previous works based on less accurate ab initio calculations failed. We confirm the previous findings that the N( ² D) + CH₄ reaction proceeds via an insertion–dissociation mechanism and that the dominant product channels are CH₂NH + H and CH₃ + NH. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Statistical theory for hydrogen bonding fluid system of AaDd type (Ⅲ): Equation of state and fluctuations

The equation of the state of the hydrogen bonding fluid system of AaDd type is studied by the principle of statistical mechanics. The influences of hydrogen bonds on the equation of state of the system are obtained based on the change in volume due to hydrogen bonds. Moreover, the number density fluctuations of both molecules and hydrogen bonds as well as their spatial correlation property are investigated. Furthermore, an equation describing relation between the number density correlation function of "molecules-hydrogen bonds" and that of molecules and hydrogen bonds is derived. As application,taking the van der Waals hydrogen bonding fluid as an example, we considered the effect of hydrogen bonds on its relevant statistical properties.     

Transition metal substituted tungstophosphoric compound catalyzed oxidation of hexanol to hexanal with hydrogen peroxide

Summary The oxidation of hexanol in the presence of the Keggin-type heteropoly compounds (HPCs) H₃PMo_nW_12-nO₄₀ (denoted as PMo_nW_12-n, n=0,1) and Na₅PW₁₁ZO₃₉ (denoted as PW₁₁Z, Z = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) was carried out to produce hexanal and hexanoic acid. The reaction was conducted in tert-butanol (t-BuOH), using cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) salts of HPA and 15% aqueous H₂O₂ as oxidant under mild condition. The PMoW₁₁ catalyst showed higher hexanol conversion of 25%, the lowest selectivity to hexanal of 64.4% and an efficient utilization of H₂O₂ of 34%. Over the transition metal substituted PW₁₁Z catalysts decomposition of H₂O₂ was rapid. For these PW₁₁Z catalysts, the efficient utilization of H₂O₂ decreased to 9% or even lower. By means of IR, UV-visible and GC-MS techniques the catalysts were characterized.     

N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed cyanation reaction of carbonyl compounds with ethyl cyanoformate and acetyl cyanide

N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been employed as an efficient catalyst for cyanation reaction of carbonyl compounds. Under catalysis of 1 mol % NHCs, various aldehydes and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone coupled with ethyl cyanoformate in THF to provide cyanohydrins ethyl carbonates in excellent yields. While in the presence of 10 mol % catalyst, different types of aldehydes and 2,2,2-trifluoroacetophenone reacted with acetyl cyanide in dichloroethane to give acylated cyanohydrins in moderate to high yields.     

Characterization of the chemical homogeneity of solids affected with periodical concentration fluctuations using the statistics of stochastic processes

Application of the theory of generalized stochastic processes to periodical concentration fluctuations in solid state samples enables a comprehensive characterization of the homogeneity of materials affected by such fluctuations. From the results of only one line scan carried out by using a microprobe with a roughly known probe profile characterized by the effective probe width, for any optional probe profile a variance function is estimated which represents the dependence of the variance of the results on the effective probe width in each case. Using this function, assertions about the homogeneity of the sample can be made which are vastly independent of the conditions of the experimental investigation, but correspond to the ultimate purpose of the material. Moreover, the mathematical processing of the measuring results enables the detection of concentration fluctuations which are not visible from the original data.     

UV/H2O2光助氧化降解丽华实军蓝制衣染料（英文）

本文对UV/H2O2光助氧化降解丽华实军蓝制衣染料的效果及其影响因素和动力学进行了研究。结果表明,UV/H2O2对丽华实军蓝染料废液具有很好的处理效果,用量少,处理浓度高,且在发生光助氧化降解的同时还伴随着光分解反应。UV/H2O2体系的光助氧化反应和UV体系的光分解反应均为表观一级反应,前者活化能9.71 kJ.mol-1,指前因子1.61 min-1,后者活化能50.3 kJ.mol-1,指前因子3.88×105min-1。染料溶液初始pH为强碱性(pH=12)时染料降解率最大。