生物质热反应机理与活化能确定方法Ⅱ.热解段研究

在热重分析仪上研究了杉木木屑在不同升温速率下的热解过程,利用DAEM模型探讨了热解活化能随转化率的变化规律,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪分析了热解温度对木屑热解固体产物半焦有机结构的影响.结果表明,木屑慢速热解过程可分为干燥、过渡、热解和碳化段;热解段活化能为103 kJ/mol～179 kJ/mol,随转化率的升高而变化;温...     

基于分布活化能模型法的农林生物质热解动力学对比研究

采用热重质谱（TG-MS）联用技术,考察杏壳、小麦秸秆与杨树木屑等典型农林生物质的热解行为及动力学。结果表明,组分差异使得三种生物质在主要反应区间内（200–450℃）表现出不同的特征。采用等转化率法计算发现,杏壳平均活化能为188.22 kJ/mol,秸秆平均活化能为220.77 kJ/mol,木屑平均活化能为175.87 kJ/mol。利用分布活化能模型（DAEM）法计算生物质中各组分的平均活化能,发现三种生物质中存在平均活化能较高的第四组分（杏壳297.44 kJ/mol、秸秆284.35 kJ/mol和木屑309.96 kJ/mol）,而半纤维素与纤维素呈现“秸秆<杏壳<木屑”规律。各类动力学计算方法能够互为补充,等转化率方法的整体计算结果与单组分分布活化能模型法结果接近,方法更简便,而分布活化能模型法可以求得原料不同组分的动力学参数,弥补等转化率法的不足,综合使用可以形成对热解反应更为全面的认识。     

低阶煤与生物质在热溶剂提质萃取过程中的相互作用

作者前期工作中提出了一种针对生物质废弃物或低阶煤的热溶提质萃取方法,该方法可以在350℃下实现生物质或低阶煤的提质及多级分离,获得高附加值的萃取物。与生物质的热溶提质萃取比较,低阶煤的萃取物收率较低。本研究提出对生物质和低阶煤混合物进行热溶提质萃取,通过两者的物理化学相互作用,来提高其萃取收率。研究结果表明,对两者混合物热溶剂提质分离得到萃取物的产率及元素组成与理论计算结果略有不同,理论计算结果是假设生物质与煤之间无交互作用而得到的。煤中的矿物质对生物质热分解起催化作用,导致收率有所增加。煤、生物质及其混合物通过热溶剂提质分离得到的萃取物的元素组成、分子量分布、化学结构、热分解和热塑性非常相似。总体而言,低阶煤与生物质在热溶剂提质萃取过程的交互作用较小。但是,本研究证明了热溶提质萃取方法不仅适用于煤或生物质,也适用于它们的混合物。这意味着热溶剂提质萃取法可以在不改变任何工艺条件参数的情况下,以煤、生物质及其混合物作为原料。     

CO2气氛下生物焦气化反应动力学参数的实验研究：Ⅰ.活化能

利用热重分析仪在750~1 000 ℃对四种生物质进行了CO₂等温气化实验。结果表明,各生物质焦的气化反应性随气化温度的升高而增加。用碳转化率为20%时的瞬时气化反应速率r_0.2对反应速率r进行无量纲化,发现在实验温度范围内,各焦炭的无量纲气化反应速率-碳转化率曲线均存在两种变化趋势。利用等转化率法求取了四种生物焦在碳转化率达到20%后的气化反应活化能,发现同一种焦炭的气化反应活化能受碳转化率的影响较小,而不同种类焦炭的活化能主要受到焦中无机矿物成分的影响。各焦炭的活化能与焦中碱金属含量与固定碳含量的比值W_C/W_FC存在近似的线性关系：E=233.9-1 005.7×（W_C/W_FC）。若忽略催化效应的影响,焦炭本征气化反应的活化能趋于某一定值,约为234 kJ/mol。     

生物质三组分热裂解行为的对比研究

在热天平上对比研究了生物质中的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素三种主要组分的热失重规律。结果表明,作为半纤维素模型化合物的木聚糖热稳定性差,在217℃～390℃发生明显分解;纤维素热裂解起始温度最高,且主要失重发生在较窄温度区域,固体残留物仅为6.5%;木质素表现出较宽的失重温度区域,最终固体残留物高达42%。在红外辐射机理试验台上对比研究了三组分热裂解产物随温度的变化规律。三组分热裂解生物油产量随温度变化先升后降。纤维素生物油产量在峰值上最高,但纤维素生物油热稳定性差,高温时挥发分的二次分解最明显;木聚糖和木质素生物油产量较低,表现出较好的热稳定性。三组分热裂解焦炭产量随温度升高而降低,最终纤维素热裂解焦炭产量为1.5%,而木聚糖和木质素分别为22%和26%。三组分热裂解气体产物随温度升高而增长,但在气体组成分布上因三组分的结构上的差异而不同。     

热动力学方法的研究Ⅰ. 反应速率常数、活化能的量热法测定

用流动型微量量热法测定了在不同温度下乙酸和甲醇及乙醇的酯化反应的速率常数, 并籍助于阿累尼鸟斯公式测定了这些反应的活化能。为了检验此方法的可靠性, 测定了乙酸甲酯和乙酸乙酯水解反应(酯化反应的逆反应)的速率常数, 这一实验结果与根据酯化反应实验数据计算得到的结果相一致。     

煤与生物质热重分析及动力学研究

利用热重分析仪对稻秆、麦秆、木屑和煤单独及混合热解特性进行了研究。通过对不同混合比例热解与单独热解对比表明,混合热解中不同生物质起始热解温度、生物质挥发分最大析出温度、煤挥发分最大析出温度随着煤混合比例的变化呈规律性变化。对混合热解实验数据与单独热解参数按混合比例后特性参数分析表明,混合热解导致固体产物产率提高。实验通过对稻秆两种方式的脱灰及脱挥发分处理后混合热解分析,脱挥发分稻秆与脱灰分稻秆对煤的热解都起到了促进作用,证明了生物质中的碱/碱土金属能促进煤在较低温度下热解,硅元素对热解速率起抑制作用。推测生物质与褐煤的共热解中存在协同作用。     

生物质化学组分在空气和合成气下的热重行为研究

在热重分析仪上,分别在空气和合成气气氛下,对生物质三种化学组分（纤维素、半纤维素和木质素）的热重行为进行了研究,考察了两种不同气氛下生物质及其三种组分的热化学转化温度区间分布;同时通过合成样品（以不同比例混合的三种组分的混合物）热重曲线的实验值和理论计算值的对比分析,考察了生物质化学组分在不同气氛下热重行为的相互作用。结果表明,在空气和合成气气氛下生物质各种化学组分发生热化学反应从难到易的顺序为木质素 > 纤维素 > 半纤维素,这是由其不同的化学结构决定的,但不同气氛下各组分的具体热重行为存在一定差别。在合成气气氛下木质素及半纤维素在与纤维素的共热解过程中存在明显的协同作用,而在空气气氛下半纤维素及纤维素在与木质素的共燃烧过程中存在一定的协同作用,这与各组分在不同气氛下所处的热化学反应温度区间具有一定的关系。     

煤与生物质混烧灰荷电特性研究

对玉米秸分别与两种煤以不同比例混烧生成的混烧灰进行了荷电特性研究。利用法拉第杯荷电量检测系统和静电低压撞击器(ELPI)测量了混烧灰的总体荷质比及分级荷质比,并借助于成分分析及形貌分析结果讨论了其影响机理。结果表明,随着生物质掺入量在混烧燃料中的增加,混烧灰的成分组成发生变化,使得其介电常数变大,比电阻增大,表面吸附能力增强,从而使混烧灰的总体荷质比有一定的上升趋势。对混烧灰的分级荷质比测量结果表明,排除灰样粒径的影响,生物质的掺入使得混烧灰的荷电能力得以增强,但影响相对较小,颗粒粒径是影响混烧灰荷电能力的主要因素。     

热分析法与分子模拟技术研究芦丁的热降解机理及其分解动力学

利用热重-微分热重技术测得芦丁在氮气气氛中不同升温速率β下的热分解曲线,使用Achar法、Coats-Redfern法、Kissinger法和Ozawa法4种方法同时进行动力学分析,根据第一步热分解的表观活化能Eα和指前因子A计算推断芦丁在不同温度下的贮存期。研究表明,随着升温速率的提高,芦丁的热分解温度逐渐升高;芦丁三步热分解的机理依次是随机成核与随后生长控制、三维扩散控制、随机成核与随后生长控制,分别对应的函数是Avrami-Erofeev方程、Z.-L.-T.方程和Avrami-Erofeev方程;经Gaussian模拟和热重数据结合分析,芦丁在第一步分解时,失去3个O原子;第二步分解时失去10个O原子;第三步分解时失去烷烃分子链和1个苯环。根据第一步热分解的表观活化能Eα和指前因子A推断,在室温25℃下,芦丁的贮存期为1.5～2年。     

On evaluate of the integral methods for the determination of the activation energy

Recently, Órfão obtained two simple equations for the estimation of the relative error in the activation energy calculated by the integral methods [2]. In this short communication, the validity of the equations has been evaluated by comparing the results calculated by the equations with the results calculated by the equation from theoretical derivation without introducing any assumption.     

Critical Considerations on the Isoconversional Methods. III. On the evaluation of the activation energy from non-isothermal data

The differential and integral isoconversional methods for evaluation the activation energy, described in the first note of this series, were applied for: a) simulated data for two successive reactions; b) dehydration of calcium oxalate monohydrate. It was shown that for these systems the activation energy depends on the conversion degree as well as on the method of evaluation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modeling of multilayer drying of polymer films

A model was developed to predict the drying behavior of multilayer polymer films on inert substrates. The model considers simultaneous heat and mass transfer controlled by complex thermodynamic and transport properties of polymer solutions. Key components of the model are the incorporation of the free volume theory to predict diffusivities in each polymer layer, the use of heat and mass transfer coefficients to describe complex transport phenomena in the gas phase, the incorporation of exact equilibrium boundary conditions at polymer–polymer interface, and the use of the Flory–Huggins theory to describe both liquid–liquid and vapor–liquid equilibria. The model can be applied to guide processing, product formulation, scale‐up, and oven design. As an example, the model is applied to simulate the drying of a two‐layer coating of poly vinyl acetate (in toluene) over polystyrene (also in toluene) on a polyester substrate. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 1665–1675, 1999     

Parametric study of the nonisothermal <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis><Superscript>th</Superscript>-order distributed activation energy model involved the Weibull distribution for biomass pyrolysis

This paper describes the influences of some parameters relevant to biomass pyrolysis on the numerical solutions of the nonisothermal n ^th-order distributed activation energy model (DAEM) involved the Weibull distribution. Investigated parameters are the integral upper limit, the frequency factor, heating rate, the reaction order and the shape, scale and location parameters of the Weibull distribution. Those influences can be used for the determination of the kinetic parameters of the nonisothermal n ^th-order Weibull DAEM from thermoanalytical data of biomass pyrolysis.     

生物质微波干燥及其对热解的影响

通过与常规热风干燥方式比较,研究生物质微波干燥过程及其对热解的影响,以探索在生物质快速热解液化工艺中采用微波干燥技术进行原料预处理的可行性。干燥实验表明,微波炉的干燥速率明显大于烘箱（5倍以上）,同时在微波快速干燥过程中,原料内部的孔隙结构得到了改善。热天平上干燥样品的热解表明,微波干燥处理有利于生物质的热解,特别是纤维素和半纤维素的热解,并且能在一定程度上抑制生物油蒸汽的二次裂解反应,从而使实际流化床热解液化装置中的生物油产率有所提高。研究表明,将微波干燥技术用于生物质热解液化的原料预处理过程在技术上和经济上均具有可行性。     

Simultaneous determination of the activation energy and the reaction kinetic model from the analysis of a single curve obtained by a novel method

It has been demonstrated that a single plot of the values of Δlnα^1/2/Δln(1-α) (taken from a single α?T curve obtained under a controlled linear increase of the reaction rate) as a function of the corresponding values of Δ(1/T)/Δln(1?α) permits the simultaneous determination of both the activation energy and the kinetic model in accordance with a solid state reaction.     

Negative influence of pKa on activation energy barrier: A case study for double proton transfer reaction in inorganic acid dimers

Strength of acid can be determined by means of pK_a value. Attempts have been made to find a relationship between pK_a and activation energy barrier for a double proton transfer (DPT) reaction in inorganic acid dimers. Negative influence of pK_a is observed on activation energy (E_a) which is contrary to the general convention of pK_a. Four different levels of theories with two different basis sets have been used to calculate the activation energy barrier of the DPT reaction in inorganic acid dimers. A model based on first and second order polynomial has been created to find the relationship between activation energy for DPT reaction. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Role of the heat-transfer coefficient in determining the overall activation energy of thermokinetic oscillations

Thermokinetic oscillations obtained during the heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of methanol on Pd/LiAl₅O₈ in a dynamic calorimeter were characterized by an overall activation energy. This parameter was determined using the minimum and maximum values of the temperature oscillations. Using bifurcation diagrams with oxygen or methanol as bifurcation parameters. E values for all heating loss laws were calculated which are within the range for heterogeneous catalytic oxidation reactions. The obtained results have been discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Ignoring heat inertia impairs accuracy of determination of activation energy in thermal analysis

This paper critically analyzes the traditional method of kinetic determination of activation energy by sectioning the recorded differential thermal analysis peak area. This procedure is incorrect because it misses the impact of thermal inertia, which changes the shape of the peak's base line from straight to s-shape. This effect has been known since the Newton cooling law, but the resulting errors persist to be interwoven into all the kinetic methods based on nonisothermal thermoanalytical measurements. Relating to calorimetry, it is necessary here because heat inertia has become a standard part of heat determination via using the Tian historical equation. The role and impact of heat inertia is discussed and analyzed in detail.     

Theoretical study of the reaction mechanism of proton transfer in glycinamide

To investigate the tautomerism of glycinamide that is induced by proton transfer, we present detailed theoretical studies on the reaction mechanism of both the isolated gas phase and H₂O‐assisted proton transfer process of glycinamide, using density functional theory calculations by means of the B3LYP hybrid functional. Twenty‐six geometries, including 10 significant transition states, were optimized, and these geometrical parameters are discussed in detail. The relative order of the activation energy for hydrogen atom transfer of all the conformers has been systematically explored in this essay. For the amido hydrogen atom transfer process, the relative order of the activation energy is: IV < II < III < I, while in the carbonic hydrogen atom transfer process, the relative order is IV > II > III > I. Meanwhile, the most favorable structure for both the amido hydrogen atom transfer and the carbonic hydrogen atom transfer has been found. The involvement of the water molecule not only can stabilize the transition states and the ground states, but can also reduce the activation energy greatly. The superior catalytic effect of H₂O has been discussed in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006