Direct determination of ammoniacal nitrogen in water samples using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

In this study, direct determination of ammoniacal nitrogen residues in water samples using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry (CD-IMS) was investigated. Pyridine was used as an alternate reagent gas to enhance selectivity and sensitivity of the method. The results indicate that the limit of detection (LOD) was about 9.2x10(-3)mugmL(-1) and the linear dynamic range was obtained from 0.03 to 2.00mugmL(-1). The relative standard deviation was about 11%. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to the direct determination of ammoniacal nitrogen in river and tap water samples and the results were compared with the Nessler method. The comparison of the results validates the potential of the proposed method as an alternative technique for the analysis of the ammoniacal nitrogen in water samples.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Molybdenum in Steel and Pure Iron with a New Chromogenic Reagent Dimethoxyhydroxyphenylflurone

ABSTRACT

A simple method for the direct determination of trace molybdenum in low alloy steel and pure iron with selectivity and sensitivity is reported. In the presence of TritonX-100 and sulphuric-phosphoric acid medium, a new chromogenic reagent dimethoxyhydroxyphenyl-flurone (DMHPF) forms a red complex with molybdenum(VI). The molar absorptivity is obeyed from the range of 0? 8 μg/25 ml for molybdenum(VI). Most of metal ions and 35000-fold amounts of iron do not interfere with the determination of molybdenum. The proposed method has been successfully used for the determination of trace amounts of molybdenum in steel and pure iron specimens.     

Direct titration of carbon dioxide

A brief survey is given of the most important methods for the determination of carbon dioxide, and the suitability of these methods is briefly discussed.Details are given of a direct carbon dioxide titration method developed for the detection and determination of substances separated on a gas-liquid partition column.The titration is performed in pyridine or acetone as a solvent and with a sodium methylate solution as a titrant.Results are given of determinations of carbon dioxide in air and, on semi-micro and micro scales, of carbon dioxide obtained by combustion of organic compounds.It is suggested that the proposed method will be generally applicable, e.g.: (1) to the micro and semi-micro determination of carbon and oxygen, (2) to the determination of carbon dioxide formed in wet-combustion analysis, (3) to the determination of carbon in steel.     

Determination of ammonium in river water and sewage samples by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection

We developed capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV detection for determination of ammonium in environmental water samples. Ammonium in the samples was partly converted into ammonia in the alkaline background electrolyte (BGE) during migration and was detected by molecular absorption of ammonia at 190 nm in approximately 7 min. The limit of detection (LOD) for ammonium was 0.24 mg/l (as nitrogen) at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. The respective values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area, peak height, and migration time for ammonium were 2.1, 1.8, and 0.46%. Major alkali and alkaline earth metal ions coexisting in the samples did not interfere with ammonium determination by the proposed method. The proposed method determined ammonium in surface water and sewage samples. The results were compared to those obtained using ion chromatography (IC).     

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of small amounts of vanadium in ores and steel

The method proposed is suitable for a quick routine determination of small amounts of vanadium in certain ores and steel. The interference of chromium in the final determination of vanadium using the ultraviolet spectra was eliminated by the use of an ion-exchange resin. Reproduceability of results was found to be acceptable for a colorimetric method.     

5—Br—PADAP快速光度法测定钢中铌

研究了用２－（５－溴－吡啶偶氮）－５－二乙氨苯基酚（５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ）测定钢中铌显色条件，所拟方法简捷实用，可测钢中０．０１０％～６．００％的铌。     

Infrared macro and semimicro determination of nitrogen in raw nitrocellulose and nitrocellulose contained in propellants

The infrared procedure for the determination of nitrogen in raw nitrocellulose has been improved. In the original method 0.31-0.32 g of sample was dissolved in 45 ml of tetrahydrofuran, the solution was weighed, and the infrared peak at 6.0 microm was measured. The calibration curve was prepared by plotting absorbance against mg of nitrogen per g of solution. The method has the disadvantage that the height of the peak is affected by the sample weight. In the improved method the error due to the sample weight is eliminated by using 0.3000 g of sample and diluting to 50 ml in a volumetric flask. The calibration curve is prepared by plotting absorbance against % nitrogen. The method was extended to the semimicro scale by using a 30.0-mg sample and diluting to 5 ml in a volumetric flask. The method has been applied on the macro and semimicro scales to the direct determination of nitrogen in nitrocellulose after a methylene chloride extraction. The amounts of graphite and inorganic salts found in nitrocellulose-base propellants do not interfere, but a correction must be made to refer the results to 0.3000 g of nitrocellulose for the macro method or 30.0 mg of nitrocellulose for the semimicro method. The same calibration curve is used for all procedures.     

不同前处理制样方法对钢中氧、氮测定结果的影响

讨论了不同物理和化学制样方法对钢中氧、氮测定结果的影响。试验结果表明,物理制样采用锉刀打磨样品表面后剪切,再用乙醚清洗除去油污;化学制样先用20%盐酸溶液溶解样品表面氧化层,再用滴加了4滴30%过氧化氢的10%草酸溶液浸泡,取出后依次用水、无水乙醇浸洗,风干。用以上两种方法制样,钢标准样品中氧、氮含量测定值与标示值一致。在测定钢中氮含量时,可用乙醚清洗后直接测定,以缩短检测周期和减轻劳动强度。该研究结果可用于指导钢样品中氧、氮含量测定时样品的处理。     

Sensitive in-surface infrared monitoring coupled to stir membrane extraction for the selective determination of total hydrocarbon index in waters

In this paper, the direct coupling between stir membrane extraction and infrared spectroscopy working under transmission mode is presented for the sensitive and selective determination of the total hydrocarbon index in waters. For this purpose, a new extraction unit was built using stainless steel in order to maximize the adsorption of the target analytes in the 40-μm-thick polytetrafluoroethylene membrane. The method allows the determination of hydrocarbons in the presence of grease, using hexadecane and stearic acid as model compounds, respectively. The proposal is optimized in depth, taking into account the main experimental variables such as membrane thickness, extraction time, and stirring and sample volume. Later on, the method was characterized on the basis of its linearity, precision, and limits of detection. The combination allows the determination of the hydrocarbon index with a limit of detection of 18 μg L⁻¹, the precision being (expressed as relative standard deviation) better than 4.3%. The analytical method provides a high sample throughput since some extractions can be performed in parallel, the relative standard deviation between devices being better than 8%. The proposed analytical method is finally compared in terms of analytical figures with counterpart ASTM method, recently presented.     

连续流动法同时测定污水中氨氮和总磷

采用连续流动分析法测定污水中氨氮、总磷的含量。比较了污水样品不同的稀释倍数对测定结果的影响。实验结果表明:氨氮和总磷的质量浓度在0.1~8 mg/L范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均为0.99997;测量结果的相对标准偏差分别为2.01%,0.84%(n=7);方法检出限分别为0.012,0.009 mg/L;质控样测量值均在标示值范围内;样品加标回收率为93.4%~101.1%。污水的洁净程度对测定结果影响较大。洁净度高的污水,直接测定与稀释后测定,测定值无显著性差异;而洁净度低的污水,直接测定与稀释后测定结果差异比较大。该法采用全谱直读CCD检测方式,灵敏度高,稳定性好,无光谱干扰,且支持氨氮和总磷同时测定,方便快捷,适合污水中氨氮和总磷的测定。     

烘箱消解-镉铜还原法测定地表水中总氮

提出了烘箱消解-镉铜还原法测定地表水中总氮含量的方法。氮的浓度在7.637×10-4～1.375×10-2 mmol.L-1范围内与其吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为6.704×10-5 mmol.L-1。对人工海水、实验室自来水、海水和湖水中总氮进行测定,其回收率和相对标准偏差(n=6)分别在96.7%～101.3%和3.7%～3.9%之间。     

快速测定啤酒中异戊醇含量

采用气相色谱-质谱联用法,配合溶剂延迟并选择适当的质谱扫描范围以及Postrun迅速升温、迅速加大载气流量,以直接进样的方法快速测定了啤酒中异戊醇的含量。通过比较内标法和外标法对定量准确性和速度的影响,找到一种简单快速的对啤酒中异戊醇定量的方法(用内标法每个样品只用4min),并且测定了市售17种啤酒中异戊醇的含量。     

Performance of a Bismuth Bulk Rotating Disk Electrode for Heavy Metal Analysis: Determination of Lead in Environmental Samples

The bismuth bulk electrode is proposed here for the first time in the rotating configuration (BiB‐RDE) as the electrode of choice for voltammetric analysis of selected heavy metal ions. Optimization of chemical and instrumental parameters was carried out to develop a reliable and convenient method for the determination of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) by SWASV. Appropriate detection limits were found for environmental monitoring applications in the medium – low µg/L range. The method was validated for Pb(II) determination by certified reference materials. Successful application to the determination of Pb(II) in samples of fortified rainwater and sewage sludge from a steel industry is described.     

A simple and rapid visual method for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in environmental waters using thymol

Simple visual and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of ammonia nitrogen in water are proposed, based on the color development of indothymol blue formed between ammonia and thymol. The color development was accelerated by nitroprusside to complete in 3 min. This color development is remarkably rapid compared with that of the other conventional methods with indothymol blue and indophenol blue. The concentration range of ammonia nitrogen spectrophotometrically determined was 0.04–1.2 mg/L NH₄-N. The absorbance per 1 μg NH₄-N was 0.0215 (molar absorptivity = 1.51 × 10⁴) at 690 nm. The visual method not using any instrument as an in situ method in field works was developed based on the optimum conditions for the established spectrophotometric method. This visual method was successfully applied to the determination of ammonia nitrogen in environmental waters.     

混合稀土储氢合金中氧和氮的测定

研究了混合稀土储氢合金中氧和氮的测定方法。针对稀土金属高温易挥发、分解的特点,选择适宜的加热温度,使用镍浴,选择高温座坩埚进行试验：选择出了合适的助熔剂的预处理方法。方法已用于实际样品。对含氧0．43％、含氮0.018％的试样,分析精密度为氧4．3％,氮5.9％,加标回收率氧为93％～104％,氮为92％～110％。     

Determination of hexadecylpyridinium chloride in typical pharmaceutical preparations using direct injection capillary pyrolysis-gas chromatography

A generalized method is described for the determination of the widely used germiside hexaderylpyridinium chloride in readily available pharmaceutical preparations using capillary pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Total Specificity in the determination is achieved by the combined use of a specific nitrogen detector, capillary columns and direct injection for pyrolysis.     

Adsorption/Thermal Desorption with Tenax-GC for the Collection and Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Compounds

A system for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and chlorinated compounds in air by means of adsorption/thermal desorption(ATD) with small bed volume (0.1 g) Tenax cartridges, followed by cryogenic trap in a U-shaped stainless steel tube with liquid nitrogen as an appropriate concentration method prior to capillary gas chromatography is described. Recoveries were determined for the complete ATD method. Desorption recoveries near 100% were found for a variety of chlorinated compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

Simultaneous determination of oxygen and nitrogen in iron and steel by spark-source mass spectrography

A conventional technique has been developed for the simultaneous determination of oxygen and nitrogen in iron and steel by spark-source mass spectrography in the range of 2-400 ppm with a precision of 20%. The instrumental background can be reduced by cryosorption pumping and sample cooling. The adsorbed oxygen on the surface of the sample is easily eliminated by presparking to exhaust the surface concerned. A difference in matrix effect in oxygen determination was observed between iron and steel.     

铜的铬、钼、钨合金中杂质氧、氮的测定方法研究

研究了铜铬、铜钨、铜钼合金中杂质氧和氮的测定方法. 针对这3种合金试样由熔点相差较大的金属组成的特点, 使用了仪器的程序升温等先进功能, 选用合适的助熔剂的预处理方法, 选择适宜的加热温度, 使用镍助熔剂、高温座坩埚和石墨粉浴进行试验, 获得了满意的测定效果. 对质量分数氧0.048%、氮0.0036%的试样, 其相对标准偏差分别为4.1%、 10.3%; 加标回收率为氧90%～109%、氮91%～117%.     

高频燃烧-红外吸收光谱法测定钢铁中超低含量的碳硫

通过对气体净化,坩埚处理,试样处理及称样量选择,助熔剂种类及用量等因素的优化,建立了钢铁中超低含量碳硫的测定方法,实验结果表明:比较器水平设为1%,分析时间设为45s,坩埚在1 350℃下预烧45min,选择钨作为助熔剂且使用前在140℃烘3h,助熔剂用量为1.5g,称样量为0.5g时,是分析钢铁中碳硫含量在0.001%~0.01%的最佳条件,方法重复性好,准确度高,在实际操作中切实可行。