Specific features of helium penetration into single-crystal and nanocrystalline copper under deformation in liquid helium

This paper reports on experimental data on the penetration of helium atoms into single-crystal and nanocrystalline copper samples subjected to tensile and compressive strains at T=4.2 K, respectively. The dependences of the helium concentration N in the samples on the strain ? and the curves of helium extraction in the temperature range 300–1000 K at different strains ? are determined. It is found that the dependences N(?) and σ(?) correlate qualitatively with each other for single-crystal copper and do not correlate for nanocrystalline copper. This is associated with the different mechanisms of deformation in these samples. The deformation proceeds through the dislocation mechanism in single-crystal copper and through the jumpwise (twinning, rotational) mechanisms in nanocrystalline copper during local heating in regions of plastic shears. These factors are also responsible for the considerable difference between the curves of helium extraction from samples of both types. The curves of helium extraction exhibit two maxima for single-crystal copper and five maxima for nanocrystalline copper samples. The results obtained are discussed in terms of both the dynamic dislocation pipe diffusion and grain-boundary mechanisms of particle penetration from the surrounding medium into copper through different-type moving defects under applied stresses and due to the gradient of the chemical potential at the metal-surrounding medium interface.     

Kinetics of nucleation of the solid phase in supercooled solutions or liquids under heat-insulating conditions: Intensive nucleation stage

The kinetics of decomposition of a supercooled melt or a viscous fluid under heat-insulating conditions during intensive nucleation has been investigated. Particles of a new phase have been studied, whose size is larger than the critical value, and for which the times are longer than the settling time of the classical quasi-steady state, which is characteristic of subcritical nuclei. The heat removal from the phase boundary is assumed to be the key process in the vicinity of a growing particle. The estimates of the duration of the stage of intensive nucleation, the maximum number of nucleated particles, and their average “size” have been obtained. Numerical simulations have been performed for nickel.     

Modeling of fatigue damage of coated bodies under frictional loading

A model of contact fatigue damage of a coated body in high-cycle friction performed using a periodic system of indenters has been proposed. The influence of wear of non-fatigue origin on damage accumulation in the coating and substrate is studied. It is shown that the rate of damage accumulation in the coating decreases but remains unchanged or increases at the coating-substrate interface. Comparison of results for a constant and stochastically time-varying pressure distribution shows that variable loading increases the number of detachments of finite-thickness layers and inhibits contact fatigue damage accumulation at the interface.     

Specific features in the behavior of electrical resistivity of the pine biocarbon preform/copper composite

The electrical resistivity ρ(T) of the novel type of composites prepared by infiltrating melted copper in vacuum in empty sap channels of white pine high-porosity biocarbon preforms has been measured in the temperature range 5–300 K. Biocarbon preforms have been prepared by pyrolysis of tree wood in an argon flow at two carbonization temperatures, 1000 and 2400°C. The electrical resistivity of the composites has been found to vary relatively weakly with temperature and to pass through a characteristic minimum near 40–50 K, which can be ascribed to iron and manganese impurities penetrating into copper from the carbon preform when liquid copper is infiltrated into it. It has been shown that the electrical resistivity ρ(T) of the composites is governed primarily by the specific microstructure of the preform, which is made up of parallel channels with an average diameter of about 50 μm interrupted by systems of thin capillaries. The small cross section of the copper-filled capillaries accounts for these regions providing the major contribution to the electrical resistivity of the composites. An increase in the wood carbonization temperature brings about a noticeable increase in the effective capillary cross section and a decrease in the electrical resistivity ρ(T) of the composite.     

Specific features of the evolution of electrolytic copper microcrystals with inhibition of the growth of low-energy facets

Experimental evidence for the possibility of controllably transforming the habit of copper microcrystals formed by electrodeposition has been presented. Selective evolution of microcrystal facets with a specific crystallographic orientation has been performed by a premeditated change in the chemical composition of a standard sulfuric electrolyte. The experiments have proved the existence of a small particle with icosidodecahedral morphology as an intermediate stage of the evolution of the small particle from an icosahedron to a dodecahedron and demonstrated some elastic-energy relaxation channels associated with inhibition of the growth of low-energy facets of electrolytic copper microcrystals.     

单晶Cu冲击加载及卸载下塑性行为的微观模拟

使用分子动力学方法对室温下单晶铜沿［001］和［111］方向冲击加载及卸载下的塑性行为进行了模拟,得到了Hugoniot关系以及冲击熔化压力,与实验基本符合. 加载过程中,较高的初始温度有利于位错的形核与发展. 通过对冲击波在自由表面卸载过程的模拟和分析发现：卸载过程呈现“准弹性卸载行为”;沿［001］方向卸载后大量不全位错环与堆积层错消失,而沿［111］方向卸载后只有少量层错消失,部分层错甚至会发展扩大. 关键词： 分子动力学 冲击波 塑性     

爆轰加载下高纯铜界面Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性实验研究

金属界面不稳定性是内爆物理压缩过程中关注的重要问题,与传统流体界面不稳定性具有显著区别.由于相关理论和实验诊断技术的限制,目前该问题的研究还明显不足.为加深对金属界面不稳定性扰动增长行为的认识,本文建立了爆轰加载下高纯铜界面Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性研究的实验诊断技术和数据处理方法,得到了扰动发展早期不同时刻界面扰动增长的X光图像.实验结果分析表明:在爆轰产物的无冲击加载条件下扰动波长基本保持不变,而初始扰动幅值越大,界面扰动增长的趋势就越明显;同时随着样品前界面扰动的不断发展,在样品的后自由面也出现了与前界面初始相位相反的扰动特征,即样品前界面扰动为波谷的位置所对应的后界面先运动而逐渐演变为波峰,而前界面扰动为波峰的位置所对应的后界面则演变为波谷;在5.26μs时刻,界面扰动幅值增长为初始值的700%左右,应变率达到了约105/s.结合数值模拟研究表明:在此情况下常用的Steinberg-Cochran-Guinan模型在一定程度上低估了高纯铜材料强度的强化特性,无法准确地描述强度对界面扰动增长的制稳作用,从而导致数值模拟结果要大于实验测量结果.     

Specific features of mass and heat transfer in microparticles and nanoparticles formed upon electrocrystallization of copper

A crystal growth model that accounts for the specific features of electrocrystallization under conditions where mass and heat transfer play a significant role is considered. The evolution of the temperature of a growing island at the initial stages of electrocrystallization is investigated as a function of the chosen mode of deposition on substrates with a weak adhesion. Possible scenarios of the development of the processes occurring in a growing island and leading, in particular, to the formation of pentagonal small particles are analyzed.     

Fatigue damage rule of LY12CZ aluminium alloy under sequential biaxial loading

A series of biaxial two-level variable amplitude loading tests are conducted on smooth tubular specimens of LY12CZ aluminium alloy.The loading paths of 90°out-of-phase,45°out-of-phase and 45°in-phase are utilized.The fatigue damage cumulative rules under two-level step loading of three loading paths are analyzed.By introducing a parameter which is a function of the phase lag angle between the axial and the torsional loading,a new multiaxial nonlinear fatigue damage cumulative model is proposed.The proposed model is evaluated by the experimental data for two-level loading,multi-level loading of LY12CZ aluminium alloy,and multi-level loading of 45 steel.Fatigue lives predicted are within a factor of 2 scatter band.     

Specific features of electrolytic-plasma quenching

Processes in an electrolyte and a plasma layer between the liquid electrode (anode) and the solid surface of a workpiece are analyzed. A method of controlling the surface-heating power density by periodically varying the time of turning on an elevated voltage and the voltage value is grounded. This method allows one to control the rates of heating and cooling the workpiece in the range from 20 to 500°C/s and, correspondingly, to heat surface layers to a depth of 0.1–10 mm.     

Specific features of the dynamic behavior of a screw dislocation under excitation of transverse dislocation vibrations

The dynamic retardation of the motion of screw dislocations at point defects is investigated taking into account the excitation of transverse vibrations of dislocation elements both in the glide plane and in the plane normal to it. It is shown that the inclusion of the vibrations of the dislocation elements in the plane normal to the glide plane does not change the dependence of the retarding force on the glide rate and defect concentration but considerably increases the magnitude of this force (specifically in the case of the isotropic model, the retarding force increases by a factor of 2).     

Distinctive features of plastic strain localization under severe plastic deformation of metals

Mechanical testing is performed and the structure of zirconium and aluminum predeformed by ∼450% using multiaxial forging (MAF) and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is investigated. Tensile loading tests of the severely deformed specimens exhibited their tendency to necking, with the ductility of the material in the neck, however, being superior to that in the neck of initial coarse-grained specimens. The results of the experiments imply that a fundamental stage of plastic flow of solids under severe plastic deformation (SPD) is the formation of cellular-banded structure and strain localization in the fine-grain bands. This considerably retards further deformation-induced refinement of the structure by SPD, and also results in the rapid formation of a fracture neck in the materials with this structure. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 43–49, November, 2007.     

Specific features in the observation of electron diffraction

Difficulties in the explanation of the interference pattern produced by electron diffraction are discussed. An important role of exciton drops in the formation of interference pattern is noted.     

On the theory of transient nucleation at the intermediate stage of phase transitions

The evolution of a system of growing aggregates in a macroscopically homogeneous medium with account of both the reduction in metastability and the continuing initiation of new nuclei is studied. The corresponding integro-differential model describing the intermediate stage of phase transitions is solved analytically for arbitrary nucleation kinetics and growth rates of nuclei. An exact solution of the Fokker–Planck equation is found with allowance for the diffusivity along the axis of nucleus radii. In limiting cases of purely kinetic and mixed kinetic-diffusion rates of crystal growth for a special form of diffusivity, the obtained solutions transform to earlier known expressions.     

Metastable states,relaxation mechanisms,and fracture of liquids under severe loading conditions

The relaxation properties and fracture of glycerol, silicone oil, transformer oil, and water have been studied experimentally under shock wave loading. The power-law strain rate dependences of the stress amplitude and spall strength were found for the compression and rarefaction fronts, respectively. It was shown that temperature has a strong influence on the spall strength of glycerol near the phase transformation temperature. The power laws reflect a self-similar nature of the momentum transfer and fracture mechanisms of liquids that are conventionally observed in solids and governed by the mechanisms of defect-induced structural relaxation. The mechanisms of viscoelasticity are related to the metastable states that may give rise to a collective behavior of displacement field fluctuations (microshearing) in liquids and thus provide a viscoplastic response of liquids under high strain rate loading.     

The morphology and nucleation kinetics of copper islands during electrodeposition

We describe a study, using in situ transmission electron microscopy, of the shape and nucleation kinetics of three-dimensional islands formed during the electrochemical deposition of copper. By operating an electrochemical cell within an electron microscope, we obtain real-time images of the formation of copper islands on a gold electrode while simultaneously recording electrochemical data such as voltage and current. We first present cyclic voltammetry, where the images show the deposition and stripping processes while the voltammogram demonstrates qualitatively the regimes in which diffusion and surface reaction are the rate limiting steps. We then examine island growth quantitatively under conditions of constant potential. Images recorded during growth at various potentials allow direct visualization of the differences between island shapes in the diffusion limited and kinetically limited growth regimes. Furthermore, a combined analysis of the current transients and the images allows parameters such as the diffusion coefficient, the rate constant and the critical nucleus size to be determined. We discuss these results in the context of electrochemical nucleation and growth models.     

An improved model of damage depth of shock-melted metal in microspall under triangular wave loading

Damage depth is an important dynamic parameter for describing the degree of material damage and is also a key fundamental issue in the field of impact compression technology. The present work is dedicated to the damage depth of shock-melted metal in microspall under triangular wave loading, and an improved model of damage depth considering the material's compressibility and relative movement is proposed. The damage depth obtained from the proposed model is in good agreement with the laser-driven shock loading experiment. Compared with the previous model, the proposed model can predict the damage depth of shock-melted metal in microspall more accurately. Furthermore, two-groups of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH) simulations are carried out to investigate the effects of peak stress and decay length of the incident triangular wave on the damage depth, respectively. As the decay length increases, the damage depth increases linearly. As the peak stress increases, the damage depth increases nonlinearly, and the increase in damage depth gradually slows down. The results of the SPH simulations adequately reproduce the results of the proposed model in terms of the damage depth. Finally, it is found that the threshold stress criterion can reflect the macroscopic characteristics of microspall of melted metal.