The HPLC Enantioresolution of Phenyl Isocyanated Amino Acids, Peptides and Amino Alcohols on Cyclodextrin Bonded Phases Using the Acetonitrile-Based Mobile Phase

A variety of amino acids (primary and secondary), peptides and amino alcohols are pre-column phenyl isocyanated in alkaline medium and enantioresolved on the naphthylethylcarbamated β-cyclodextrin (i.e., RN- and SN-β-CD) bonded chiral phases (CSPs) using the acetonitrile-based mobile phase and on a native β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) phase for comparison. The resolution is believed to be a result of the hydrogen bonding between the secondary hydroxyl groups of cyclodextrin and the functional groups of analyte and is enhanced as the amino and the carboxyl groups are attached to the stereogenic center of analyte. Also, the enhancement is observed if the steric hindrance between the side-chain group of amino acid and the chiral selector exists. However, the resolution is deteriorated in the case that the side-chain group close to the stereogenic center of amino acid becomes bulky or is capable of forming hydrogen bonding with chiral selector. The aromatic moiety of the tagging reagent not only contributes the retention, but also benefits the resolution in some cases on the RN- and SN-β-CD phases through π-π interaction. The resolution is either not observed or unsatisfactory in the reversed-phase mode.     

LC Separation of Enantiomers on Silica-Bonded Thiostrepton Derivatives

The macrocyclic antibiotic thiostrepton has been structurally modified with achiral reagents containing aromatic groups and isocyanate or isothiocyanate-terminated linkages to improve its selectivity in the LC resolution of aromatic enantiomers in polar–organic mode. The enantiomer resolutions achieved could not be reproduced either with underivatized thiostrepton or with the rifamycin SV stationary phase prepared by use of the same reaction procedures. Maximum enantioselectivity was achieved by optimizing the number of achiral derivatizing groups attached to thiostrepton. Chromatographic data for resolution of enantiomers containing aromatic groups suggest that the enhanced resolution is highly dependent on the π–π interaction between the analyte and the chiral selector. A mechanistic study entailing resolution of amino acid derivatives also indicated that analyte structure affects the strength of the π–π interaction and is crucial for chiral recognition to be possible. Other effects, for example steric hindrance, dipole–dipole interaction, and hydrogen bonding with the isocyanate and isothiocyanate functional groups of reagents also facilitate resolution.     

The enantioseparation of amino acids on a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase using non-aqueous mobile phases after pre-column derivatization with sulfur-containing reagents: the considerations of mobile phase composition and analyte structure variation on resolution enhancement

Amino acids were derivatized with sulfur-containing reagents in alkaline medium and enantioresolved by HPLC on a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase. Much better resolution was achieved using methanol-based mobile phase compared with elution with acetonitrile-based solvent mixture. The value of selectivity factor for many derivatives examined in the study can be easily several tenths of 100 or even exceed 100 in some cases. This magnitude of resolution is suitable for the preparative-scale application of isolating alpha-amino acid enantiomers in the derivatized form using a short column. The resolution is believed to be a result of the hydrogen bonding and steric hindrance by the nitrogen and sulfur atoms from the isothiocyanatyl fragment of the reagent, respectively, and is enhanced as the fragment is structurally phenylated (e.g. 2,4-difluorophenyl isothiocyanate and others examined in this study). The enhancement is even more significant if the aromatic moiety of the reagent becomes more acidic through halogenation with chlorine or fluorine for the stronger pi-pi interaction. However, this type of enhancement is offset to some extent and sometimes obscured by a chlorinated reagent that is relatively large in size as compared with the fluorinated one. Judging from the chromatographic data and the elution profile, the mechanisms leading to the resolutions are believed to be different under the elution of polar-organic mobile phases (i.e. methanol- and acetonitrile-based mobile phases).     

Steric and electronic effects in the resolution of enantiomeric amides on a commercially available Pirkle-type high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phase

The steric and electronic effects in the resolution of enantiomeric amides on a commercially available (R)-N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)phenylglycine chiral stationary phase (CSP) have been investigated. Several homologous series of enantiomeric amides were synthesized from alkyl and aromatic amines and from alkyl and aromatic acids. The results of the study indicate that chiral recognition is based on the formation of diastereomeric solute-CSP complexes that are due to attractive interactions located on a single bond in both the solute and CSP and on steric interactions within the complexes. The magnitude of the chiral resolution appears to depend on the steric bulk at the chiral center. In addition, when the amides synthesized from chiral amines were chromatographed, the (R)-enantiomers eluted first, whereas the opposite elution order was found for the amides synthesized from enantiomeric carboxylic acids. Thus, the amide moiety not only provides the sites of attractive interaction between the solute and CSP, but also influences the spatial orientation of the two molecules, thereby affecting the relative stabilities of the two diastereomeric complexes and determining the enantiomeric elution order.     

The synthesis of chiral amino diol tridentate ligands and their enantioselective induction during the addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes

A series of C₂-symmetric chiral amino diol tridentate ligands 3a–g were prepared from achiral bulky organolithiums, achiral bulky primary amines, and optically active epichlorohydrin (ECH). The prepared C₂-symmetric chiral amino diol tridentate ligands were capable of inducing enantioselectivity in the model reaction of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with diethylzinc with an ee of up to 96%. The enantioselectivity can be modulated by adjusting the steric hindrance of the achiral reagents employed in the synthesis of the chiral ligand. The configuration of the addition product depended on the configuration of the amino diol ligands, which can be simply controlled as desired by using the ECH with the desired configuration during the preparation of the ligand.     

The HPLC Stereoselective Resolution of N-2,4-Dinitrophenylated (DNP) Amine-Containing Enantiomers on Teicoplanin Bonded Phase Using the Methanol-Based Mobile Phase

A variety of compounds containing an amine group (i.e., amino acids and amino alcohols) are fast and much better than baseline enantioresolved on a teicoplanin bonded chiral phase using the methanol-based mobile phase after their pre-column derivatization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in alkaline medium. The resolution is found relatively insensitive to the structural variations of the analyte and is enhanced as the stereogenic center of analyte is close to the nitro group substituted aromatic moiety of the tagging reagent for stronger - interaction. The resolution is either not observed or unsatisfactory using the acetonitrile-based mobile phase.     

Zwitterionic chiral stationary phases based on cinchona and chiral sulfonic acids for the direct stereoselective separation of amino acids and other amphoteric compounds

An extensive series of free amino acids and analogs were directly resolved into enantiomers (and stereoisomers where appropriate) by HPLC on zwitterionic chiral stationary phases (Chiralpak ZWIX(+) and Chiralpak ZWIX(?)). The interaction and chiral recognition mechanisms were based on the synergistic double ion‐paring process between the analyte and the chiral selectors. The chiral separation and elution order were found to be predictable for primary α‐amino acids with apolar aliphatic side chains. A systematic investigation was undertaken to gain an insight into the influence of the structural features on the enantiorecognition. The presence of polar and/or aromatic groups in the analyte structure is believed to tune the double ion‐paring equilibrium by the involvement of the secondary interaction forces such as hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces and π–π stacking in concert with steric parameters. The ZWIX chiral columns were able to separate enantiomers and stereoisomers of various amphoteric compounds with no need for precolumn derivatization. Column switching between ZWIX(+) and ZWIX(?) is believed to be an instrumental tool to reverse or control the enantiomers elution order, due to the complementarity of the applied chiral selectors.     

Effect of Steric Hindrance on the Resolution of the Enantiomers of Alkyl Isothiocyanate Derivatives of Amino Acids on a Teicoplanin CSP Using a Methanol-Based Mobile Phase

The effect of steric hindrance on the resolution of the enantiomers of alkyl (i.e. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and tert-butyl) isothiocyanate derivatives of amino acids on a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase (CSP), with a methanol-based mobile phase, has been studied. Resolution was found to depend on the size of the alkyl group attached to the isothiocyanate reagent and deteriorated as the size of the group increased from methyl to tert-butyl under the same chromatographic conditions. This indicates that interaction between the isothiocyanate group and the chiral selector is important in chiral recognition. Better-than-baseline resolution was achieved for many amino acids with a basic amino or an amide group, for example histidine, lysine, arginine, and asparagine, because of increased solubility in the mobile phase after chemical derivatization. Revised: 22 September and 7 October 2005     

喜树碱合成中间体的光学异构体分离及分离机理研究

首次在CHI-DMB及(R,R)-DNB-DPEDA手性柱上对喜树碱合成中间体--2-[N-对甲苯磺酰基-(R)-脯氨酰氧基]-2-[6-氰基-(1,1-亚乙二氧基)-5-酮-1,2,3,9-四氢中氮茚-7-基]-丁酸乙酯进行了光学异构体分离. 考察了流动相中极性醇类添加剂对手性分离种类及浓度对分离的影响, 并比较了溶质在这两种手性柱上的手性识别机理, 结果发现在这两种手性固定相上, 溶质与手性固定相之间的吸引作用都是产生手性识别的关键. 从溶质与固定相的空间结构看, 在CHI-DMB手性柱上, π-π堆积作用及偶极偶极作用起了关键作用; 而在(R,R)-DNB-DPEDA手性柱上, π-π堆积作用, 偶极偶极作用及氢键作用对分离起了重要作用. 此外, 空间位阻在喜树碱中间体的光学异构体分离中也起了一定的作用. 根据溶质和固定相的空间结构, 推导出的两个光学异构体的流出顺序, 并通过相应的光学异构体得到验证.     

Fluorescence quenching study of humic‐fraction‐modified silica gel in a solid state after association with a variety of pesticidal analytes in hexane and acetonitrile

In this paper, we investigate the fluorescence quenching of acidic humic‐fraction‐modified silica gel in the solid state after association with a variety of pesticidal analytes in hexane and acetonitrile. The percentage of fluorescence quenching is found to be dependent on the contact time and linearly on the number of moles of analyte involved in the association process. However, any π–π complexation interaction arising from the acidic aromatic ring on the analyte due to the derivatization of a bulky electron‐withdrawing group is not observed. Also, any mechanism leading to adsorption or any quenching process occurring as a result of the steric hindrance obtained by a theoretical interaction simulation is not observed. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) data and simulation results, instead, suggest that electron‐rich atoms on the analyte, such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are responsible for fluorescence quenching, following dipole–dipole interaction with the humic‐fraction‐modified adsorbent.     

Chiralpak AD-H和Chiralcel OJ-H手性固定相拆分扁桃酸系列化合物

对比了商品化的淀粉型手性固定相Chiralcel OJ-H和纤维素型手性固定相Chiralpak AD-H柱在正相条件下对扁桃酸系列8个化合物的拆分,结果表明Chiralcel OJ-H柱对扁桃酸系列化合物具有更强的手性识别能力,8个外消旋扁桃酸化合物在36 min内都得到了基线分离。研究发现,扁桃酸苯环上的取代基对其拆分的难易程度影响很大,其电子诱导效应影响扁桃酸类化合物在固定相上的保留时间,其空间位阻效应是扁桃酸在固定相上被拆分成败的决定因素。通过对比分析扁桃酸和手性柱的结构,探讨了可能的手性拆分机理是基于Chiralpak AD-H(Chiralcel OJ-H)手性固定相和扁桃酸系列化合物之间的氢键-氢键、偶极-偶极、π-π电子相互作用以及空间适应性等诸多因素的综合影响,其中空间适应性起到至关重要的作用。本研究可为一些实际光学活性扁桃酸及其类似物的对映体纯度测定与拆分研究提供参考。     

Capillary electrophoresis investigation on the structure-enantioselectivity relationship in synthetic cyclopeptides as chiral selectors

We recently reported the use of a deconvolution strategy to identify the best chiral selectors for Nalpha-2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) amino acid racemates from a combinatorial library composed of thousands of homodetic cyclohexapeptides. Selection was based on the capillary electrophoresis (CE) enantioresolution for a set of Dnp-amino acids. The groups involved in the chiral discrimination were assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which revealed a strong involvement of one of the aromatic rings of the cyclopeptide in the binding with the analyte. In order to better understand the recognition mechanism, and thus extend the applicability of the analytical system, modifications on both analyte and selector structure were introduced. The effects on separation were evaluated in terms of resolution values and mobility variation.     

The Enantioresolution of n-Benzoyl and Its Analogs Derivatized Amino Acids on Cyclodextrin Bonded Chiral Stationary Phases Using a Nonaqueous Acetonitrile-Based Mobile Phase

The separation of amino acids into enantiomers while derivatizing with benzoyl chlorides is demonstrated. It was found that enantioselectivity among these reagents tagging with the same amino acid is quite different and is very sensitive to its structural variations. A noninclusion complexation mechanism i.e. external association is thought to involve in the separation carried out with a nonaqueous polar organic mobile phase. Results also indicate that the chiral recognition seems to be controlled either by moieties from tagging reagents or functional groups on all amino acids examined in this study on the basis of competition. The polarity of side-chain group on peptide backbone can not be ignored in achieving a successful separation. Furthermore, chiral recognition appears to closely rely upon the location of stereogenic center that is simultaneously attached by amino and carboxyl groups. Finally, mechanism involved will be explored structurally with these tagging reagents derivatized amino acids which structures are highly ordered and amine-containing compounds with structures similar to that of amino acid.     

Study of chiral recognition mechanism of O,O-diethyl (p-methylbenzenesulfonamindo)-aryl(alkyl)-methylphosphonates by HPLC with a series of CSPs

Five chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were used to separate the enantiomers of a series of O,O-diethyl (p-methyl-benzenesulfonamindo)- aryl(alkyl)-methylphosphonates. A chiral recognition mechanism was presented to explain the resolution of these compounds. Results show that CSP with strong π-acceptor 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl group and high steric hindrance has the best resolution ability in chiral separation of O,O-diethyi (p-methyl-benzenesulfonamindo)- aryl(alkyl)-methylphosphonates. When a CSP has just a strong π-acceptor 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl or high steric hindrance it does not have good chiral resolution ability. The chiral recognition is more difficult when the CSP has more than one asymmetric center.     

Mechanistic studies on the chiral recognition of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases using liquid chromatography and vibrational circular dichroism: Reversal of elution order of N-substituted alpha-methyl phenylalanine esters

Enantiomeric separation of two aromatic α-substituted alanine esters was achieved on two commercially available polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs): amylose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (ADMPC) and cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC). The interactions between enantiomeric analytes and the CSPs were investigated using chromatographic methods and vibration circular dichroism (VCD). The two analytes differ on the aromatic portion of the molecules where one analyte has a π-acceptor aromatic ring (1) while the other has a π-donor aromatic ring (2). When an ADMPC CSP was employed, an increase in the polarity of the mobile phase leads to a reversal of the elution order for the two enantiomers of 1. The elution order of compound 2 was not affected by the polarity of the mobile phase. In order to gain an understanding of these phenomena, the enantiomeric separation of 1 and 2 was also performed on the CDMPC CSP. Interestingly, no reversal of elution order was observed upon the chromatographic separation of both pairs of enantiomers of compounds 1 and 2 upon increasing the solvent polarity when a CDMPC CSP was utilized. To understand the underlying mechanism governing these chiral separations, VCD was applied to study the structure of the ADMPC and CDMPC polymers and their conformational behaviors under chromatographic conditions. For the first time the conformations of the side chains of both polymers were revealed based on the VCD spectra along with DFT calculations. Furthermore, the interactions between the two analytes and the two CSPs were directly probed by VCD. By comparing the spectral differences of the two CSPs in the presence of the two analytes, the detailed interactions involving different functional groups associated with the chiral recognition were elucidated and thus explained the unusual reversal of elution order associated with increasing solvent polarity.     

Resolution and isolation of enantiomers of (±)‐isoxsuprine using thin silica gel layers impregnated with l‐glutamic acid,comparison of separation of its diastereomers prepared with chiral derivatizing reagents having l‐amino acids as chiral auxiliaries

Thin silica gel layers impregnated with optically pure l ‐glutamic acid were used for direct resolution of enantiomers of (±)‐isoxsuprine in their native form. Three chiral derivatizing reagents, based on DFDNB moiety, were synthesized having l ‐alanine, l ‐valine and S‐benzyl‐l ‐cysteine as chiral auxiliaries. These were used to prepare diastereomers under microwave irradiation and conventional heating. The diastereomers were separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography on a C₁₈ column with detection at 340 nm using gradient elution with mobile phase containing aqueous trifluoroacetic acid and acetonitrile in different compositions and by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) on reversed phase (RP) C₁₈ plates. Diastereomers prepared with enantiomerically pure (+)‐isoxsuprine were used as standards for the determination of the elution order of diastereomers of (±)‐isoxsuprine. The elution order in the experimental study of RP‐TLC and RP‐HPLC supported the developed optimized structures of diastereomers based on density functional theory. The limit of detection was 0.1–0.09 µg/mL in TLC while it was in the range of 22–23 pg/mL in HPLC and 11–13 ng/mL in RP‐TLC for each enantiomer. The conditions of derivatization and chromatographic separation were optimized. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The use of MPA amide for the assignment of absolute configuration of a sterically hindered cyclic secondary amine by 'mix and shake' NMR method

We present here a new method using methoxyphenylacetic acid (MPA) as the chiral derivatizing agent (CDA) for the assignment of absolute configuration of cyclic secondary amines. The MPA amides were prepared using the purification-free 'mix and shake' method. A detailed conformational analysis for the two diastereomeric amides was conducted by 2D NMR experiments and molecular mechanics calculations. We have established that, in the most stable conformation of each syn rotamer of MPA amides, the H-alpha in the MPA moiety is oriented toward the bulky substituent group at the asymmetric carbon in the chiral amine, presumably to avoid steric and/or electrostatic interactions. The observed NMR data were correlated with the conformational model to allow unambiguous assignment of absolute configuration of secondary amines. The results demonstrate that the MPA can be used as a useful CDA in the case of sterically crowded cyclic secondary amines from which the MTPA amides are usually difficult to make.     

羧酸三环己基锡盐的合成和结构分析

报导了三环己基氢氧化锡同羧酸的反应, 考察了影响产物收率的因素并合成了23个新的羧酸三环己基锡类化合物, 通过红外光谱和质谱等确定了这类化合物的结构, 并证明锡的配合物价为4.     

LC Enantioseparation of 30-Component Diastereomeric Mixture of Amino Acids and Detection of d-Isomers Using New Reagents with Amines as Chiral Auxiliaries in Cyanuric Chloride

Two enantiomerically pure amines, viz., (R)-(+)-naphthylethyl amine and (S)-(+)-1-benzyl-3-aminopyrrolidine, were used as chiral auxiliaries for nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in cyanuric chloride or its 6-butoxy derivative. The chiral derivatizing reagents so obtained were characterized and their chiral purity was ascertained. Diastereomers of 15 dl-proteinogenic amino acids were synthesized under microwave irradiation using these reagents. Separation of diastereomeric pairs along with separation of a mixture of 30 diastereomers in a single chromatographic run was carried out on a reversed-phase C₁₈ column. Mixtures of acetonitrile with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid were used as mobile phase. The detection was made at 230 nm using photo diode array detector. The separation behavior in terms of retention times and resolutions was compared on the basis of effect of chiral auxiliaries (i.e. amines) and achiral substituents (i.e. chlorine or butoxy group) in the chiral derivatizing reagents and the hydrophobic side chains of amino acids. The separation method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity, recovery, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The method was successful for determination of d-amino acids in the absence of pure d-enantiomers and for separation of 19 diastereomers from a mixture of 30.     

Influence of steric hindrance on enantioseparation of Dns-amino acids and pesticides on terguride based chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis

Three urea derivatives of ergoline-based chiral selectors (CSs), differing in the size of the urea side chain, i.e. dimethyl- (CSI), diethyl- (CSII), and diisopropylurea (CSIII), were used to study the effect of steric hindrance on the enantioseparation of dansyl amino acids (Dns-AAs), pesticides, and mandelic acid under condition of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in linear polyacrylamide coated capillaries. A mixture of organic modifiers (MeOH/THF, 4:1 v/v) in a BGE consisting of 100 mM beta-alanine-acetate was used to increase the solubility of CSs up to 25 mM. The capillary was filled with CS (high UV absorption), and the inlet and outlet vials contained buffer solutions only. The best enantioseparation of Dns-AAs was achieved on CSI. Increased steric hindrance of the chiral binding site led to reduction of both enantioselectivity and resolution. The opposite pattern was observed for the separation of mandelic acid enantiomers, where the best enantioseparation and resolution was obtained with CSIII. Most of the pesticides studied reached maximum selectivity on the diethylurea ergoline derivative (CSII). Enantioseparation of fenoxaprop was found to be independent of steric hindrance.