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Atmospheric pressure photoionization for coupling liquid-chromatography to mass spectrometry: A review |
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| Authors: | Ivano Marchi |
| Institution: | Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland |
| Abstract: | This review presents the state-of-the-art techniques that couple liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) via atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The different ionization mechanisms are discussed as well as the influence of the mobile phase composition, the nature of the dopant, etc. A comparison with other ionization sources, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), is reported, and the combination of APPI with these sources is also discussed. Several applications, covering the time period of 2005-2008, for the analysis of drugs, lipids, natural compounds, pesticides, synthetic organics, petroleum derivatives, and other substances are presented. |
| Keywords: | AA anion attachment API atmospheric pressure ionization APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization APPI atmospheric pressure photoionization BGE background electrolyte CE capillary electrophoresis CI chemical ionization CX charge exchange CZE capillary zone electrophoresis EA electron affinity EC electron capture EI electron ionization ESI electrospray ionization FID flame ionization detector IE ionization energy LC liquid chromatography LOD limit of detection LOQ limit of quantification MEKC micellar electrokinetic chromatography MEEKC microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography MS mass spectrometry PA proton affinity PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PI photoionization PID photoionization detector SE solvation energy SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate S/N signal to noise VUV vacuum-ultraviolet |
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