各向异性金纳米粒子的制备及其在催化中的应用

尽管有关金纳米粒子催化的研究工作很多，但其中大多数都是采用传统的浸渍法将金盐负载到载体上、共沉淀或沉积-沉淀法制得负载的纳米粒子，但这些方法并未吸收最新的纳米技术。最近，金催化剂的研究者开发了在胶态悬浮液中制取金属纳米粒子，然后进行固载，从而使得单金属和双金属催化剂的催化活性和形貌控制取得较大进展。另一方面，最近十年出现了金纳米粒子合成的高级控制技术，得到了许多各向异性的金纳米粒子，且很容易制得新的形貌，可以控制纳米粒子的表面原子配位数和光学特性(可调的等离子体带)，这些都与催化密切相关。这些形貌包括纳米棒、纳米星、纳米花、树枝状纳米结构或多面体纳米粒子等。除了高度关注各向异性金纳米粒子的最新开发的制备方法和性质，本综述也清楚地总结了这些纳米粒子独特的催化性能，以及通过提供更高催化性能的金催化剂、控制暴露的活性位，以及热、电和光催化的鲁棒性和可调性，从而给多相催化领域带来令人惊奇的潜在变革。

Anisotropic gold nanoparticles:Preparation and applications in catalysis

Despite the high amount of scientific work dedicated to the gold nanoparticles in catalysis, most of the research has been performed utilising supported nanoparticles obtained by traditional impreg‐nation of gold salts onto a support, co‐precipitation or deposition‐precipitation methods which do not benefit from the recent advances in nanotechnologies. Only more recently, gold catalyst scien‐tists have been exploiting the potential of preforming the metal nanoparticles in a colloidal suspen‐sion before immobilisation with great results in terms of catalytic activity and the morphology con‐trol of mono‐and bimetallic catalysts. On the other hand, the last decade has seen the emergence of more advanced control in gold metal nanoparticle synthesis, resulting in a variety of anisotropic gold nanoparticles with easily accessible new morphologies that offer control over the coordination of surface atoms and the optical properties of the nanoparticles (tunable plasmon band) with im‐mense relevance for catalysis. Such morphologies include nanorods, nanostars, nanoflowers, den‐dritic nanostructures or polyhedral nanoparticles to mention a few. In addition to highlighting newly developed methods and properties of anisotropic gold nanoparticles, in this review we ex‐amine the emerging literature that clearly indicates the often superior catalytic performance and amazing potential of these nanoparticles to transform the field of heterogeneous catalysis by gold by offering potentially higher catalytic performance, control over exposed active sites, robustness and tunability for thermal‐, electro‐and photocatalysis.