催化热解废轮胎制衍生油

催化热解废轮胎对于资源利用及环境保护具有重要意义,近年来引起人们关注.在废轮胎胶粉热解反应中加入催化剂,不仅会加速胶粉裂解速率,缩短反应时间,而且可以通过催化剂择形催化改变产物分布,从而提高目的产物衍生油的收率和性能.国内外对废轮胎催化热解已做了大量研究,以期提高衍生油中高附加值单环芳烃的含量,同时降低S, N和Cl含量,虽然已取得较大进展,但衍生油收率较低,大大降低了该技术的可行性.
　　本文采用带搅拌器的1000 mL不锈钢反应器,在常压条件下研究了反应温度和催化剂类型对废轮胎胶粉热解反应及产物衍生油性能的影响,通过元素分析、馏程模拟和色谱-质谱等表征手段检测了衍生油的理化性能.结果表明,在废轮胎胶粉热解反应过程中,随反应温度上升,出油速率先增加后降低.至500 oC时,热解衍生油收率最高达55.65 wt%,所得衍生油呈黑棕色,具有轻质油含量低、S和N含量高、粘度低和流动性好的特点,其轻质芳烃含量低,却含有大量可以转变为芳烃的脂肪烃类.因此,为了提高衍生油中轻质油和轻质芳烃收率,降低S和N含量,尽量维持较高的衍生油收率,在热解反应过程中引入少量ZSM-5, USY,β, SAPO-11和ZSM-22等常见催化剂,利用催化剂独特的孔道结构和酸分布,达到定向催化和转化的目的,提高轻质芳烃含量.同时,为了克服催化剂与胶粉难以接触进行反应的问题,在反应温度升至200 oC时,维持一定时间保证胶粉发生溶胀和液化反应形成液体烃类,使得催化剂不仅能够均匀分散于液体烃中与其接触进行反应,而且有效提高了反应物料与催化剂之间传质传热效率,使得裂解反应在均相中进行,降低因传热不均匀而造成的结焦和过度裂化反应.在催化热解过程中,1.0 wt%催化剂的加入可明显缩短反应时间,在保证衍生油收率基本不变的情况下,获得的衍生油呈黄棕色,轻质油收率较高为70–75 wt%, S和N含量分别降至0.3–0.58wt%和0.78–1.0 wt%.以具有较高酸性和孔径分布的ZSM-5, USY,β和SAPO-11为催化剂时,衍生油中总芳烃含量可达到50 wt%,其中单环芳烃含量高达45 wt%.

Derived oil production by catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tires

Scrap tires were pyrolyzed in a continuously stirred batch reactor in the presence and absence of catalysts. The maximum yield of derived oil was up to 55.65 wt%at the optimum temperature, 500 °C. The catalytic pyrolysis was performed using 1.0 wt%(on a scrap tire weight basis) of catalysts based on ZSM‐5, USY,β, SAPO‐11, and ZSM‐22. The oil products were characterized using simula‐tion distillation, elemental analysis, and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The results show that using a catalyst can increase the conversion of scrap tires to gas and decrease char by‐products;the yield of derived oil remains unchanged or a little lower. The oils derived from catalytic pyrolysis had H/C ratios of 1.55–1.65 and contained approximately 70–75 wt%light oil, 0.3–0.58 wt%S and 0.78–1.0 wt%N. Catalysts with high acid strengths and appropriate pore sizes, such as ZSM‐5, USY,β, and SAPO‐11, increased the amount of single‐ring aromatics in the light‐middle‐fraction oil to 45 wt%. The derived oil can therefore be used as a petrochemical feedstock for producing high‐value‐added chemical products or fuel oil.