Pd-Cu-Clx/Al2O3催化剂对CO氧化的稳定性

CO催化氧化广泛应用于空气净化、机动车尾气治理和CO气体传感器中.在CO氧化催化剂设计与制备过程中,催化剂与使用环境密切相关.例如工业和机动车尾气净化需要在高温(200–600°C)下进行,而对于半密闭空间(隧道或者地下停车场)空气净化需要在室温和高相对湿度下进行.频繁冷启动导致半密闭空间CO浓度累积而超过排放控制标准,因此制备室温、高相对湿度下CO氧化催化剂是面临的重要问题之一.负载型Wacker催化剂对于CO低温催化氧化的研究一直受到广泛关注.环境中少量水的存在会促进负载型Wacker催化剂对CO的低温氧化性能,但随着水沉积量的增加,活性位点将被覆盖,并且Pd和Cu活性组分之间的紧密结构被破坏,从而导致催化剂的失活,即催化剂的稳定性变差.因此,为了提高催化剂在高相对湿度下的稳定性,利用二乙氧基二甲基硅烷对Al2O3载体进行硅烷化处理,以增加载体的疏水性,考察载体疏水改性对CO低温氧化过程中催化剂稳定性的影响.催化剂的稳定性测试结果表明,在0°C,100%相对湿度条件下,未改性催化剂在约20 h内CO转化率由81%下降到50%;载体硅烷化后制备的催化剂在反应进行150 h后,CO转化率仍保持在78%,即反应活性未见降低.由此表明催化剂载体经有机硅烷改性后,可显著增强催化剂在低温、高相对湿度下的稳定性.N2吸附/脱附和水吸附实验结果表明,载体硅烷化改性并未对催化剂的比表面积产生影响,但显著降低了催化剂上水沉积速度和沉积量,未改性催化剂的初始吸水速度是改性后催化剂的4倍,但改性后催化剂的饱和吸水率仅占未改性催化剂的1/3.X射线衍射结果表明,载体预处理后活性物种Cu2(OH)3Cl晶粒尺寸有所增加.氢气程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱结果表明,载体硅烷化预处理改善了催化剂中Cu和Pd物种的化学分布及接触状态,增加了与Pd物种紧密接触的Cu物种的量,从而促进了Cu物种的还原.与此同时,载体硅烷化显著降低了催化剂表面Cl离子的浓度,从而影响到对CO吸附.为了进一步研究水与催化剂稳定性之间的关系,采用原位红外漫反射(In situ DRIFT)对催化剂进行表征.负载型Wacker催化剂对CO氧化反应机理为:Pd是CO氧化反应的活性中心,通过Pd和Cu物种之间的氧化还原循环来实现CO氧化,且Pd+比Pd2+具有更高的CO氧化性能.反应气氛中水的存在,有利于CO在Pd+上氧化、以及金属态Pd被Cu2+物种再氧化的过程,同时水也显著促进了催化剂表面碳酸盐的生成以及抑制了活性物种Pd+生成.与表面碳酸盐累积相比,水对于活性物种Pd+生成的抑制作用是导致催化剂活性降低的主要原因.

Stability of Pd-Cu-Clx/Al2O3 catalyst for CO oxidation

By taking advantage of silylanization, Al₂O₃ support was modified by organosilane and supported Pd-Cu-Cl_x/Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared. The effects of hydrophobicity on catalyst stability during CO oxidation were investigated. The physicochemical properties and redox potential of the catalyst were characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, XRD, H₂-TPR, and XPS. In order to understand the relationship between the oxidation stability of CO and the presence of water, the CO oxidation mechanism was studied by in situ DRIFT. Support pretreatment markedly promoted catalyst stability during CO oxidation; CO conversion was 78% after 150 h at saturated humidity and freezing point. Modification led to an obvious decrease in chloride ion concentration and enhancement in hydrophobicity. The role of water in CO oxidation was complicated. The presence of water favored CO oxidation over active Pd⁺ species and Pd⁰ reoxidation by Cu²⁺ species. Meanwhile, water also inhibited the formation of the active Pd⁺ species and helped to produce carbonate species. Compared with the form of the carbonate species, the inhibition of water to produce active Pd⁺ species played the main detrimental role in catalyst stability.