Development of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for determination of palladium in water samples using dicyclohexano-18- crown-6 as extracting agent

A new separation procedure for determination of palladium using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 as complexing reagent was developed. In this method, potassium–dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 was used as a hydrophobic complex for the microextraction of palladium as PdCl₄ ^2? complex ion. The main factors affecting DLLME efficiency, such as type and volume of extractant and disperser solvent, concentration of chelating reagent, concentration of KCl and pH were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limit of detection for palladium was 16.0 ng mL^?1 with enrichment factor of 138. The present method was applied to the determination of palladium in water samples with satisfactory analytical results. The method was simple, rapid, cost efficient and sensitive for the extraction and preconcentration of palladium.