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Graphenes Prepared by Hummers,Staudenmaier and Hofmann Methods for Analysis of TNT‐Based Nitroaromatic Explosives in Seawater
Authors:Beng Khong Ong  Hwee Ling Poh  Chun Kiang Chua  Martin Pumera
Institution:Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
Abstract:The detection of TNT and related nitroaromatic compounds in seawater is of great interest. Electrochemical techniques can be applied for detection purposes since nitroaromatic compounds contain easily reducible nitro groups. In this study, we investigate the performance of thermally reduced graphenes prepared by three different oxidative methods: Hummers, Staudenmaier and Hofmann methods with consequent thermal exfoliation. The Hofmann method‐based graphene was found to exhibit the highest sensitivity in detecting TNT electrochemically. Extended study on the detection of TNT in seawater using the graphene material provided significant improvements in the detection sensitivity. These findings will have profound impacts on the detection of nitroaromatic explosives in seawater.
Keywords:Nitroaromatic explosives  TNT‐based nitroaromatic explosives  Hofmann method  Staudenmaier method  Hummers method  Graphene  Biosensors
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