外泌体分离与纯化技术研究进展

外泌体是所有真核细胞分泌到细胞外的直径介于30～150 nm的一种膜性纳米囊泡,参与细胞间生物信号的传递。大量实验证据表明,外泌体参与多种生物功能并发挥重要作用,包括蛋白质、RNA和脂质等生物分子的转移及多种疾病生理和病理过程的调节,被认为是疾病诊断、治疗和预后的重要的生物标志物和药物载体,因此发展简单、高效、经济的外泌体分离与纯化技术将有助于疾病的早期诊断和精准治疗。目前,利用外泌体的物理化学和生物化学特性已开发出多种分离外泌体的技术,但仍缺乏标准化和规模化临床级外泌体的分离方法,从而限制了其临床应用。另外,对分离出的外泌体的特征、纯度和数量的鉴定是判断外泌体分离纯化方法优劣的重要指标。本文综述了外泌体分离与纯化技术以及鉴定方法的研究进展,主要讨论分离技术的机制、性能、挑战和前景以及外泌体的鉴定方法,以期为外泌体的分离纯化提供新的思路和解决策略。

Advances in isolation and purification techniques for exosomes

Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells, with diameters ranging from 30 to 150nm. Exosomes participate in the transmission of intercellular biological signals. A large amount of experimental data have shown that exosomes play an important role in many biological functions, including the transfer of proteins, RNA and lipids, as well as the regulation of physiological and pathological processes. It is also considered as a significant biomarker and drug carrier for disease diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Therefore, the development of simple, efficient and economical exosomes isolation and purification technology will be conducive to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Currently, a variety of techniques have been developed to isolate exosomes based on their physicochemical and biochemical properties, but there is still a lack of standardized and clinical-grade isolation methods, which limits their clinical application. In addition, the identification of the characteristics, purity and quantity of the isolated exosomes is an important indicator for judging the quality of the exosomes isolation and purification methods. In this review, we reviewed the progress of exosomes isolation techniques and identification methods, focusing on separation mechanisms, properties, challenges, prospects and identification methods, in order to provide new ideas and solutions for the isolation and purification of exosomes.