以生物质为前驱体合成的碳材料在电化学中的应用

碳元素是自然界中存在的与人类最密切相关、最重要的元素之一。近年来,碳纳米技术的研究相当活跃,多种多样(针状、棒状、桶状等)的碳晶体层出不穷。合成的碳材料中主要有碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳纤维、碳球等。由于碳材料的高比表面积、高稳定性以及良好的导电性,使其在电化学中有广泛的应用。相比于传统的碳材料方法,直接用生物质为前驱体合成碳材料由于成本廉价、合成方法绿色简便,从而更易于大规模工业化生产。同时,用生物质合成碳材料时,会原位引入氮磷等杂原子,对碳材料的性能将产生很大的影响。生物质基碳材料以其优越的性能在燃料电池、超级电容器、锂离子电池等领域有着广阔的应用前景,成为很多金属材料的有效替代品。本文综述了以生物质为前驱体合成的碳材料在电化学中的应用。

Carbon Materials Synthesized Using Biomass as the Precursor and Their Applications in Eletrochemistry

Carbon is one of the most important chemical elements in the nature closely related to our human beings. Recently, the research on carbon nanotechnology is quite active, and carbon nanomaterials with different kinds of shapes like crystal, needle-like, roblike and tubby ones have emerged in endless stream. Carbn nanomaterials mainly include carbon nano tubes, graphene, carbon fiber and carbon spheres, which are widely used in electrochemistry because of their high specific surface area, high stability and good electrical conductivity. Compared with the traditional procedure to synthesize carbon material, the direct use of biomass as the precursor has the advantages including low-cost, environmental friendliness, and easy process, which make them more feasible to large-scale produce. Meanwhile, the in-situ introduction of nitrogen, phosphorus and other heteroatoms into the carbon frame during the biomass carbonization will also have a positive impact on the properties of carbon materials. The biomass-based carbon materials have a broad prospect of applications in fuel cells, supercapacitors, lithium-ion battery cells and other fields, which make them effective substitute to many metal materials. This paper summarizes the synthesis of biomass-derived carbon materials and their applications in eletrochemistry.