Li3V2(PO4)3/C正极材料在不同电压区间的电化学行为及容量衰减原因

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C. 通过恒电流充放电测试、循环伏安(CV)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等方法, 研究了Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C 在不同电压区间的电化学行为(3.0-4.5 V和3.0-4.8 V). 结果表明, 3.0-4.8 V电压区间的循环性能和倍率性能均不及3.0-4.5 V电压区间的. 3.0-4.5 V区间0.1C (1C=150mA·g^-1)倍率首次放电比容量为127.0 mAh·g^-1, 循环50次后容量保持率为99.5%, 而3.0-4.8 V区间的分别为168.2 mAh·g^-1和78.5%. 经过高倍率测试后再回到0.1C倍率充放电, 3.0-4.5 V和3.0-4.8 V的放电比容量分别为初始0.1C倍率的99.0%和80.7%. 经过3.0-4.8 V电压区间测试后, 少部分第三个锂离子能够在低于4.5V的电压脱出, 使3.0-4.5 V电压区间的放电比容量提升了7.4%. CV结果表明3.0-4.8 V区间的容量损失主要表现为第一个锂离子的不可逆损失. 极片的X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析测试结果表明经过3.0-4.8 V测试后, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃的结构发生了轻微的改变. 电感耦合等离子体(ICP)测试结果表明循环后的电解液中含有少量的V. 结构变形和V溶解可能是Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃在3.0-4.8 V区间容量衰减的主要原因.

Electrochemical Behavior and Reasons for the Decrease in Capacity of the Li3V2(PO4)3/C Cathode Material in Different Voltage Ranges

Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C cathode material was synthesized by the sol-gel method. The electrochemical properties of the sample in different voltage ranges (3.0-4.5 V and 3.0-4.8 V) were investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results show that the cycling performance and rate capability of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C in voltage range of 3.0-4.8 V are worse than those in voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V. The initial specific discharge capacity in voltage range of 3.0-4.5 V at 0.1C rate (1C=150 mA·g^-1) is 127.0 mAh·g^-1, and 99.5% of the initial capacity was maintained after 50 cycles in contrast to 168.2 mAh·g^-1 and 78.5% in voltage range of 3.0-4.8 V. The discharge capacities in voltage ranges of 3.0-4.5 V and 3.0-4.8 V are 99.0% and 80.7% of the initial 0.1C rate respectively when the charge/discharge rate recovered to 0.1C rate after the high rate test. Part of the third lithium ion may be extracted at less than 4.5 V after several cycles in voltage range of 3.0-4.8 V with a capacity increase of 7.4%. CV results indicate that the irreversible capacity fading between 3.0 and 4.8 V may be attributed to irreversible behavior of the first lithium ion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that the structure of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ changes slightly after operating between 3.0 and 4.8 V. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) results indicate the presence of dissolved V in the cycled electrolytes. The structural distortion and the V dissolved in the electrolyte may be the main reasons for the decrease in capacity.