金属纳米颗粒制备中的还原剂与修饰剂*

金属纳米颗粒由于其独特的光学、电学、化学性质以及各种潜在的应用价值，受到不少研究人员的广泛关注。实现金属纳米粒子尺寸、形貌可控，改善粒子分散性和稳定性，提高产率及纯度已成为具有挑战性的研究课题，不断发展和完善金属纳米粒子的合成方法则显得尤为重要。本文总结了目前制备金属纳米材料的几种化学方法：化学试剂还原法、电化学还原法、辐射还原法等，分类介绍了化学试剂还原法中常用的无机、有机还原剂，以及含氮、磷、羧基、巯基小分子有机化合物以及高分子聚合物等修饰剂并重点总结了其还原和修饰机理。

Reducing Agents and Capping Agents in the Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles

Metal nanoparticles have received much attention due to their intriguing optical，electrical and chemical properties and their potential applications. In recent years, controlling nanoparticles’size and shapes，improving their stability and monodisperisity，increasing their yield and purity are the central challenges, thus development and improvement of the synthetic methods to metal nanoparticles have become more and more important. In this paper, several chemical synthetic routes, including reduction by chemicals, electrochemistry, and irradiation, etc, of metal nanoparticles have been summarized. Especially the inorganic and organic reducing agents, the capping agents including N-, P-, COOH-, SH-containing molecules and polymers, and the mechanisms involved in the chemical preparation are discussed. Contents
1 Introduction
2 Reducing methods often used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles
2.1 Reducing agents and mechanisms in the reduction by chemicals
2.2 Other reducing methods
3 Capping agents and mechanisms common used in the preparation of metal nanoparticles
3.1 Thiols and their derivatives
3.2 Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
3.3 Amino and amide compounds
3.4 Organic phosphines
3.5 Surfactants
3.6 Polymers
3.7 Cyclodextrin and its derivatives
4 Conclusion