Development of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based micro-solid-phase extraction for the determination of trace levels of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples

Micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) was developed for the determination of trace level of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in river water samples with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In the μ-SPE device, multiwalled carbon nanotubes was employed as sorbent and was packed inside an porous polypropylene membrane "envelope" whose edges were heat-sealed to secure the contents. The μ-SPE device was placed in a stirred sample solution to extract the analytes. The porous polypropylene membrane envelope in μ-SPE device acts as a filter to exclude potential interferences, such as eliminating or reducing the influence of particles that are bigger than the pore size. After extraction, analyte desorption was carried out with a suitable organic solvent under ultrasonication. Important extraction parameters were optimized in detail, including the selection and amount of sorbent materials, the extraction temperature and extraction time, desorption solvent and desorption time, amount of organic modifier, agitation speed and sample ionic strength. Under the developed extraction conditions, the proposed method provided good linearity in the range of 0.1-50 μg/L, low limits of detection (4.2-46.5 ng/L), and good repeatability of the extractions (relative standard deviations, <12%, n=5). The developed μ-SPE method was successfully applied to the extraction of PAHs in river water samples. The μ-SPE method was demonstrated to be a fast and efficient method for the determination of PAHs from environmental water samples.