非洲猪瘟病毒检测方法的研究进展

非洲猪瘟是一种影响各个品种与年龄段猪的毁灭性传染病，其特征包括高烧，皮肤发绀，淋巴严重出血，死亡率接近100%，被世界动物卫生组织列为必须及时通报的动物疫病，而我国也将其列为主要的外来动物疾病。自20世纪90年代被报道流行于非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南的国家以来，非洲猪瘟逐步流行于欧洲、南美、俄罗斯高加索地区，并在全球各地爆发，对全球养猪业构成了巨大威胁，造成了巨额经济损失。非洲猪瘟是由双链DNA虫媒病毒——非洲猪瘟病毒引起的，它是非洲猪瘟病毒科非洲猪瘟病毒属的唯一成员，具有复杂的二十面体结构，直径约200 nm。目前来说，还没有针对于非洲猪瘟病毒的特效药和疫苗，其主要的防控策略依靠卫生措施的实施以及对感染或暴露动物的屠宰。因此，非洲猪瘟病毒的检测与早期诊断对于疫情确认和控制至关重要。该文根据非洲猪瘟病毒的检测原理将其检测方法分为病毒分离方法、免疫学检测方法与分子学检测方法，免疫学方法可细分为免疫荧光试验、免疫印迹试验、酶联免疫吸附试验、免疫层析试纸及其他免疫学检测方法，分子学检测方法可细分为聚合酶链式反应、等温扩增技术、CRISPR(成簇规律间隔的短回文重复序列)/Cas系统及其他分子学检测方法。该文对这些方法的原理和特点进行介绍，并对非洲猪瘟病毒检测的研究进展进行综述。因这些方法的检测能力与适用场景尚存在一定不足，故非洲猪瘟病毒检测方法的未来发展方向为在保证灵敏度和特异性的情况下，提高检测限与现场即时诊断的应用能力，研究集中于低成本、工业化、高通量、高性能等方向。

Research Progress in Detection Methods for African Swine Fever

African swine fever is a devastating and highly contagious disease affecting pigs of all ages and breeds,which is characterized by high fever,cyanosis of the skin and severe hemorrhages in lymph nodes,with a mortality up to 100%.The World Organization for Animal Health(International Epizootic Office,OIE) has classified it into a kind of notifiable animal disease,while China has listed it as a predominantly exotic animal disease.since the African swine fever was reported to be endemic in sub-Saharan African countries in the 1920s,it has gradually become prevalent in the Europe,South America and Caucasus region of Russia,and broke out all over the world.It has caused a huge threat to swine industry and resulted in large economic losses.African swine fever virus,the causative agent of the African swine fever,is a double-stranded DNA arbovirus which is the only member of the family Asfarviridae,genus Asfivirus with icosahedral morphology and an average diameter of 200 nm.At present,there is no specific medicine or vaccine available to prevent African swine fever virus,and the main control strategy mainly relies on implement of sanitary measures and slaughtering of infected and exposed animals.Therefore,early diagnosis and detection on African swine fever virus is vitally important for epidemic identification and control.In this article,the detection methods for African swine fever virus are divided into virus separation methods,immunological detection methods and molecular detection methods according to the detection principles.The immunological detection methods are subdivided into immunofluorescence test,immunoblotting test,enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,immunochromatographic test strip and other immunological detection methods.The molecular detection methods are subdivided into polymerase chain reaction,isothermal amplification techniques,CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas system and other molecular detection methods.The principles and characteristics of these methods are introduced in this article,and the research progress in detection of African swine fever virus is summarized.The future development direction of detection methods for African swine fever virus is determined as there still remain some deficiencies of these methods in detection ability and application scenarios,of which the detection limits and the application ability for Point-of-Care diagnosis will improved in the future,based on the precondition ensuring sensitivity and specificity.The future research will focus on lowering the cost,industrializing production and improving the throughput and performance.