Investigation of the Velocity Field and Nanoparticle Concentration Distribution of Nanofluid Using Lagrangian-Eulerian Approach

In this study, we use the Lagrangian-Eulerian approach to determine the concentration distribution and velocity of nanoparticles are investigated in nanofluid. Furthermore, the velocity of the fluid phase affected by the particle movement is examined. Moreover, the effects of Brownian, thermophoretic, gravitational,, and drag forces on particles and fluid velocity and nanoparticle distribution are studied, as are the effects of Reynolds number on the concentration distribution.According to the results of this study, particles are not uniformly distributed, rather, they areconcentrated more in the vicinity of the centerline of the pipe than the wall; the cause of this lack of uniform distribution is due to Brownian and thermophoretic forces. In addition, the results of this study show that the effects of Brownian forces on nanoparticle distribution and velocity field is stronger than that of other forces including thermophoretic ones.