固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定环境水样中22种抗生素

抗生素作为环境介质中一种典型的新污染物,在各类环境水样中检出频率高且浓度低。为快速、灵敏、准确地分析各类水体中的抗生素,建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定环境水样中4种青霉素类、12种喹诺酮类和6种大环内酯类共22种抗生素的分析方法。针对抗生素特性和样品基质特点优化前处理方法,重点优化固相萃取柱、水样pH值、水样中乙二胺四乙酸二钠(Na₂EDTA)加入量。在200 mL水样中加入0.5 g Na₂EDTA,并调节水样的pH值至3,经HLB固相萃取柱富集净化,以乙腈-0.15%(v/v)甲酸水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾电离源,在正离子模式下使用多反应监测模式进行定性定量分析。结果显示,22种抗生素的相关系数(r)≥0.995,呈现良好的线性关系,方法检出限和定量限分别为2.3~10.7 ng/L和9.2~42.8 ng/L,地表水中3个水平下的加标回收率为61.2%~157%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%~21.9%,废水中3个水平下的加标回收率为50.1%~129%, RSD为1.2%~16.9%。该方法成功用于水库、地表水、污水处理厂出口、畜禽养殖场等不同类型水样中抗生素的同时测定,其中地表水和畜禽养殖废水中大部分抗生素有检出,在地表水中林可霉素检出率为90%,在畜禽养殖废水中氧氟沙星的检出含量最高,为127 ng/L。该方法检出限和回收率满足定量分析要求,且具有富集水样体积少、分析时间短、适用范围广等优势,特别适用于突发环境污染应急监测,同时为摸清新污染物环境赋存底数和新污染物治理与管控提供有力支撑。

Simultaneous determination of 22 antibiotics in environmental water samples by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The widespread and frequent use of antibiotics to treat diseases or encourage animal growth has resulted in their persistence and accumulation in water, soil, and sediments. As a typical emerging pollutant in the environment, antibiotics have become an important research focus in recent years. Antibiotics are commonly found at trace levels in water environments. Unfortunately, the determination of various types of antibiotics, all of which exhibit different physicochemical properties, remains a challenging endeavor. Thus, developing pretreatment and analytical techniques to achieve the rapid, sensitive, and accurate analysis of these emerging contaminants in various water samples is an essential undertaking.In this paper, a solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of 22 antibiotics including 4 penicillins, 12 quinolones and 6 macrolides in environmental water samples was developed. Based on the characteristics of the screened antibiotics and sample matrix, the pretreatment method was optimized, focusing on the SPE column, pH of the water sample, and amount of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid disodium (Na₂EDTA) added to the water sample. Prior to extraction, a 200 mL water sample was added with 0.5 g of Na₂EDTA and pH-adjusted to 3 using sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide solution. Water sample enrichment and purification were achieved using an HLB column. HPLC separation was carried out on a C₁₈ column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) via gradient elution with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 0.15% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode using an electrospray ionization source. The results showed correlation coefficients greater than 0.995, indicating good linear relationships. The method detection limits (MDLs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the ranges of 2.3-10.7 ng/L and 9.2-42.8 ng/L, respectively. The recoveries of target compounds in surface water at three spiked levels ranged from 61.2% to 157%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.0%-21.9%. The recoveries of target compounds in wastewater at three spiked levels were 50.1%-129%, with RSDs of 1.2%-16.9%. The method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of antibiotics in reservoir water, surface water, sewage treatment plant outfall, and livestock wastewater. Most of the antibiotics were detected in watershed and livestock wastewater. Lincomycin was detected in 10 surface water samples, with a detection frequency of 90%, and ofloxacin showed the highest contents (127 ng/L) in livestock wastewater. Therefore, the present method exhibits excellent performance in terms of MDLs and recoveries compared with previously reported methods. The developed method presents the advantages of small water sample volumes, wide applicability, and fast analysis times; thus, it can be considered a rapid, efficient, and sensitive analytical method with excellent potential for monitoring emergency environmental pollution. The method could also provide a reliable reference for formulating antibiotic residue standards. The results provide strong support for and an improved understanding of the environmental occurrence, treatment, and control of emerging pollutants.