The CALUX bioassay: Current status of its application to screening food and feed |
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| Institution: | 1. IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany;2. RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany;3. University of Duisburg-Essen, Centre for Water and Environmental Research, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141, Essen, Germany;1. Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, 4222, Australia;2. The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, QLD, 4108, Australia;3. UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;4. Institut National de l''Environnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, Unité d’Ecotoxicologie, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France;5. School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil;6. Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, United States;7. WatchFrog, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France;8. Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;9. Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;10. Norwegian Institute for Water Research NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;11. School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK;12. Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;1. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Geo-Chemistry, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;2. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department of Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Boulevard Du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;3. University of California at Davis, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Davis, CA 95616, USA;1. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, National Reference Laboratory for Dioxins and PCBs in Food and Feed, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany;2. Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institute, Palmaille 9, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The CALUX bioassay is at present the best screening method for dioxins and dioxin-like (dl) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in food and feed, and the only assay used in routine monitoring and during larger incidents. Furthermore, the use of bioassays in addition to chemical reference methods allows the discovery of novel contaminants with potentially adverse effects on human health. The CALUX bioassay shows a clear dose-related response both with dioxin standards and contaminated samples, but requires a clear strategy with respect to decision limits, necessary to deal with the many different action and tolerance limits in European Union (EU) legislation. In future, the CALUX bioassay will profit from further optimization, especially with respect to the clean-up procedure. As demonstrated in the limited number of interlaboratory studies performed so far, this should lead to an even more robust assay that can be easily introduced into less experienced laboratories. The present article discusses the different issues, based on some practical examples from the EU-DIFFERENCE project and gives recommendations for future studies. |
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